Cyprus-Forum.com

[Paphitis]

i don't have a reason why; it was a reason explained to me, i am repeating it, (and meant to amuse).

...in a way it is flattering to be revered for that kind of power and an equal, no, first, in qualifying the world's destiny. sooner or later we, the Human race will not find an "enemy" in each other, but given the competitive (adversarial) position we take in our lives, the "threat" we face will come from somewhere or something else.

Oh OK! That's fair enough RW.

I have heard the same things as you, but I have never found any evidence for it. All I can see is that they are very closely knit, and support each other and are quite capable in business as Lana did mention which could mean that some people resent that out of jealousy.

That would be the same as saying that all Greeks are Shipping magnates and tycoons because Greece does have the 2nd largest Merchant Marine in the world. But that is not true as well.

There is a lot of prejudice against them.

I can understand an Arab or a Palestinian having hatred for Jews. Completely understandable. I can also understand others not liking what they have done to the Palestinians or their Foreign Policies. That is fair enough.

But I can't understand the deep routed hatred for Jews such as the kind that is displayed by Kurupetos, YiaLouser, and Schnauzer! That is just weird.

[supporttheunderdog]

(Apart from Kissinger), Jews and Greeks have a mutual respect going back to biblical times. The Jews have a saying that the only ones who can outwit them are Greeks. Praise indeed.

I've never met an antisemitic Greek but the world is a little more wary now, not of ordinary Jews, but the ultra-rich bank-owning sector behind the current banking crisis.

Antisemitism really started with the medieval English.

Shakespeare created the idea of the mean moneylender Jews; Shylock who demanded his 'pound of flesh'.

Your racism is getting the better of you. The earlist known records of anti semtism with writings aimed against Jewish religion and lifestyle can be traced back Greeks in Alexandria in about 2nd century bc or so.

What racism is in my post, nutjob? The only racism so far is the anti-Greek nature of this whole thread.

As for your throwing a strop at a well known literary and historical fact (have you ever read Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, pleb?) that antisemitism was rife in medieval England, then sorry to burst your Imperialist bubble. [mirth]

And no, you are quite wrong, there was no anti-semitism in early Greek and Roman history as enemies were formed on ethnic grounds in fighting over territories. Anti-semitism is a little more subtle and Shakespeare defined it to a "t".

What historical fact? just your delusions. While antisemitism existed in England, as it did elsewhere,I doubt Shakespeare invented the greedy money lending Jew. He almost certainly used a preexisting racist stereotype that his audience would have liked , and as I have pointed out antisemitism can be traced as far back as 2nd Century BC Alexendria, a point about which you are plainly in denial as it disturbs your illusory world about your oh so perfect Greeks .

indeed you seem to be throwing the strop at the suggestion that Greeks could have done such things, and in falsely blaming the English for inventing antisemitism you demonstrate both your racist prejudice against the English and your ignorance of history.

here is a list of events, upto 1190.

2nd century BCE
Various Greek and Roman writers, such as Mnaseas of Patras, Apollonius Molon, Apion and Plutarch, repeat the legend that Jews worship a pig, a golden calf, a head, etc.
19 CE
Roman Emperor Tiberius expels Jews from Rome. Expulsion is reported by the Roman historical writers Suetonius, Josephus, and Cassius Dio.
37–41
Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in Alexandria (Egypt), as recounted by Philo of Alexandria in Flaccus.
50
Jews ordered by Roman Emperor Claudius "not to hold meetings", in the words of Cassius Dio (Roman History, 60.6.6). Claudius later expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius ("Lives of the Twelve Caesars", Claudius, Section 25.4) and Acts 18:2.
66–73
Great Jewish Revolt against the Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of victory, as there is "no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God." (Philostratus, Vita Apollonii). The events of this period were recorded in detail by the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus. His record is largely sympathetic to the Roman view and was written in Rome under Roman protection; hence it is considered a controversial source. Josephus describes the Jewish revolt as being led by "tyrants," to the detriment of the city, and of Titus as having "moderation" in his escalation of the Siege of Jerusalem.
1st century
Fabrications of Apion in Alexandria, Egypt, including the first recorded case of blood libel. Juvenal writes anti-Jewish poetry. Josephus picks apart contemporary and old antisemitic myths in his work Against Apion.
Late 1st–early 2nd century
Tacitus writes anti-Jewish polemic in his Histories (book 5). He reports on several old myths of ancient antisemitism (including that of the donkey's head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews "regard the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies" is his analysis of the extreme differences between monotheistic Judaism and the polytheism common throughout the Roman world.
115–117
Thousands of Jews are killed during civil unrest in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica, as recounted by Cassius Dio, History of Rome (68.31), Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica (4.2), and papyrii.
c. 119
Roman emperor Hadrian bans circumcision, making Judaism de facto illegal.
c. 132–135
Crushing of the Bar Kokhba revolt. According to Cassius Dio 580,000 Jews are killed. Hadrian orders the expulsion of Jews from Judea, which is merged with Galilee to form the province Syria Palaestina. Although large Jewish populations remain in Samaria and Galilee, with Tiberias as the headquarters of exiled Jewish patriarchs, this is the start of the Jewish diaspora. Hadrian constructs a pagan temple to Jupiter at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem, builds Aelia Capitolina among ruins of Jerusalem.[4]
167
Earliest known accusation of Jewish deicide (the notion that Jews were held responsible for the death of Jesus) made in a sermon On the Passover attributed to Melito of Sardis.
Fourth century[edit]

306
The Synod of Elvira bans intermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also forbidden.
315–337
Constantine I enacts various laws regarding the Jews: Jews are not allowed to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed. Congregations for religious services are restricted, but Jews are also allowed to enter the restituted Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.
325
First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. The Christian Church separates the calculation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover: "It was ... declared improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy festival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of these wretched men are necessarily blinded.... Let us, then, have nothing in common with the Jews, who are our adversaries. ... avoiding all contact with that evil way. ... who, after having compassed the death of the Lord, being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by an unrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. ... a people so utterly depraved. ... Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, in order that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides and the murderers of our Lord. ... no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews."[5][6]
361–363
Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Temple.
386
John Chrysostom of Antioch writes eight homilies Adversus Judaeos (lit: Against the Judaizers)..
388
A Christian mob incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orders punishment for those responsible, and rebuilding the synagogue at the Christian expense. Ambrose of Milan insists in his letter that the whole case be dropped. He interrupts the liturgy in the emperor's presence with an ultimatum that he would not continue until the case was dropped. Theodosius complies.
399
The Western Roman Emperor Honorius calls Judaism superstitio indigna and confiscates gold and silver collected by the synagogues for Jerusalem.

415
Jews are accused of ritual murder during Purim Christians in Antioch confiscate synagogue. Bishop Cyril of Alexandria forces his way into the synagogue, expels the Jews and gives their property to the mob. Prefect Orestes is stoned almost to death for protesting.
418
The first record of Jews being forced to convert or face expulsion. Severus, the Bishop of Minorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews to accept Christianity upon conquering the island. Synagogue in Magona, now Port Mahon capital of Minorca, burnt.
419
The monk Barsauma (Not the Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and for the next three years destroys synagogues throughout the province of Palestine.
429
The East Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders all funds raised by Jews to support schools be turned over to his treasury.
439 January 31
The Codex Theodosianus, the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited from holding important positions involving money, including judicial and executive offices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. The anti-Jewish statutes apply to the Samaritans. The Code is also accepted by Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III.
451
Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II of Persia's decree abolishes the Sabbath and orders executions of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch Mar Nuna.
465
Council of Vannes, Gaul prohibited the Christian clergy from participating in Jewish feasts.

519
Ravenna, Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders the town to rebuild them at its own expense.
529–559
Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great publishes Corpus Juris Civilis. New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years: Jewish civil rights restricted: "they shall enjoy no honors". The principle of Servitus Judaeorum (Servitude of the Jews) is established: the Jews cannot testify against Christians. The emperor becomes an arbiter in internal Jewish matters and The use of the Hebrew language in worship is forbidden. Shema Yisrael ("Hear, O Israel, the Lord is one"), sometimes considered the most important prayer in Judaism, is banned as a denial of the Trinity. Some Jewish communities are converted by force, their synagogues turned into churches.
535
The First Council of Clermont (of Gaul) prohibits Jews from holding public office.
538
The Third Council of Orléans (of Gaul) forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited from appearing in the streets during Easter: "their appearance is an insult to Christianity". A Merovingian king Childebert approves the measure.
576
Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews a choice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to Marseilles.
589
The Council of Narbonne, Septimania, forbids Jews from chanting psalms while burying their dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold. The third Council of Toledo, held under Visigothic King Reccared, bans Jews from slave ownership and holding positions of authority, and reiterates the mutual ban on intermarriage. Reccared also rules children out of such marriages to be raised as Christians.

610–620
Visigothic Hispania After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country.
614
Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holding military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families.
615
Italy. The earliest referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (the Jewish Oath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against a Christian. The oath became standardized throughout Europe in 1555.
629 March 21
Byzantine Emperor Heraclius with his army marches into Jerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is a good deed. Hundreds of Jews are massacred, thousands flee to Egypt.
Frankish King Dagobert I, encouraged by Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, expels all Jews from the kingdom.
632
The first case of officially sanctioned forced baptism. Emperor Heraclius violates the Codex Theodosianus, which protected them from forced conversions.
681
The Twelfth Council of Toledo, Spain orders burning of the Talmud and other "heretic" books.
682
Visigothic king Erwig begins his reign by enacting 28 anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the "utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews" and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest, who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must be spent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the backsliding.
692
Quinisext Council in Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.
694
17th Council of Toledo. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews had conspired to ally themselves with the Muslim invaders and forces Jews to give all land, slaves and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from their homes and raised as Christians.


717
Possible date for the Pact of Umar, a document that specified restrictions on Jews and Christians (dhimmi) living under Muslim rule. However, academic historians believe that this document was actually compiled at a much later date.
722
Byzantine emperor Leo III forcibly converts all Jews and Montanists in the empire into mainstream Byzantine Christianity.
Ninth century[edit]

807
Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one.
820
Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons, declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a complete segregation of Christians and Jews. In 826 he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor Louis the Pious to attack "Jewish insolence", but fails to convince the Emperor.
898–929
French king Charles the Simple confiscates Jewish-owned property in Narbonne and donates it to the Church.

1008–1013
Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ("the Mad") issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden "golden calf" around their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.
1012
One of the first known persecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor expels Jews from Mainz.
1016
The Jewish community of Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion.
1026
Probable date of the chronicle of Raoul Glaber. The French chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by (Muslim) Caliph Al-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns.
1032
Abul Kamal Tumin conquers Fez, Morocco and decimates the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.
1050
Council of Narbonne, France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes.
1066 December 30
Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."[9]
1078
Council of Girona decrees Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as Christians.
1090
The Jewish community of Granada, which had recovered after the attacks of 1066, attacked again at the hands of the Almoravides led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, bringing the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain to end.
1096
The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders pass through several Central European cities. The third, unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewish communities, most notably in the Rhineland, under the slogan: "Why fight Christ's enemies abroad when they are living among us?" Eimicho's host attacks the synagogue at Speyer and kills all the defenders. 800 are killed in Worms. Another 1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mainz to escape his attempt to forcibly convert them; see German Crusade, 1096. Attempts by the local bishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered.[10]

1107
Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin ordered all Moroccan Jews to convert or leave.
1143
150 Jews were killed in Ham, France.
1144 March 20 (Passover)
The case of William of Norwich, a contrived accusation of murder by Jews in Norwich, England.[/url]

now go boil your head you stupid woman.

[supporttheunderdog]

(Apart from Kissinger), Jews and Greeks have a mutual respect going back to biblical times. The Jews have a saying that the only ones who can outwit them are Greeks. Praise indeed.

I've never met an antisemitic Greek but the world is a little more wary now, not of ordinary Jews, but the ultra-rich bank-owning sector behind the current banking crisis.

Antisemitism really started with the medieval English.

Shakespeare created the idea of the mean moneylender Jews; Shylock who demanded his 'pound of flesh'.

Your racism is getting the better of you. The earlist known records of anti semtism with writings aimed against Jewish religion and lifestyle can be traced back Greeks in Alexandria in about 2nd century bc or so.

What racism is in my post, nutjob? The only racism so far is the anti-Greek nature of this whole thread.

As for your throwing a strop at a well known literary and historical fact (have you ever read Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, pleb?) that antisemitism was rife in medieval England, then sorry to burst your Imperialist bubble. [mirth]

And no, you are quite wrong, there was no anti-semitism in early Greek and Roman history as enemies were formed on ethnic grounds in fighting over territories. Anti-semitism is a little more subtle and Shakespeare defined it to a "t".

What historical fact? just your delusions. While antisemitism existed in England, as it did elsewhere,I doubt Shakespeare invented the greedy money lending Jew. He almost certainly used a preexisting racist stereotype that his audience would have liked , and as I have pointed out antisemitism can be traced as far back as 2nd Century BC Alexendria, a point about which you are plainly in denial as it disturbs your illusory world about your oh so perfect Greeks .

indeed you seem to be throwing the strop at the suggestion that Greeks could have done such things, and in falsely blaming the English for inventing antisemitism you demonstrate both your racist prejudice against the English and your ignorance of history.

here is a list of events, upto 1190.

2nd century BCE
Various Greek and Roman writers, such as Mnaseas of Patras, Apollonius Molon, Apion and Plutarch, repeat the legend that Jews worship a pig, a golden calf, a head, etc.
19 CE
Roman Emperor Tiberius expels Jews from Rome. Expulsion is reported by the Roman historical writers Suetonius, Josephus, and Cassius Dio.
37–41
Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in Alexandria (Egypt), as recounted by Philo of Alexandria in Flaccus.
50
Jews ordered by Roman Emperor Claudius "not to hold meetings", in the words of Cassius Dio (Roman History, 60.6.6). Claudius later expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius ("Lives of the Twelve Caesars", Claudius, Section 25.4) and Acts 18:2.
66–73
Great Jewish Revolt against the Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of victory, as there is "no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God." (Philostratus, Vita Apollonii). The events of this period were recorded in detail by the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus. His record is largely sympathetic to the Roman view and was written in Rome under Roman protection; hence it is considered a controversial source. Josephus describes the Jewish revolt as being led by "tyrants," to the detriment of the city, and of Titus as having "moderation" in his escalation of the Siege of Jerusalem.
1st century
Fabrications of Apion in Alexandria, Egypt, including the first recorded case of blood libel. Juvenal writes anti-Jewish poetry. Josephus picks apart contemporary and old antisemitic myths in his work Against Apion.
Late 1st–early 2nd century
Tacitus writes anti-Jewish polemic in his Histories (book 5). He reports on several old myths of ancient antisemitism (including that of the donkey's head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews "regard the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies" is his analysis of the extreme differences between monotheistic Judaism and the polytheism common throughout the Roman world.
115–117
Thousands of Jews are killed during civil unrest in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica, as recounted by Cassius Dio, History of Rome (68.31), Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica (4.2), and papyrii.
c. 119
Roman emperor Hadrian bans circumcision, making Judaism de facto illegal.
c. 132–135
Crushing of the Bar Kokhba revolt. According to Cassius Dio 580,000 Jews are killed. Hadrian orders the expulsion of Jews from Judea, which is merged with Galilee to form the province Syria Palaestina. Although large Jewish populations remain in Samaria and Galilee, with Tiberias as the headquarters of exiled Jewish patriarchs, this is the start of the Jewish diaspora. Hadrian constructs a pagan temple to Jupiter at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem, builds Aelia Capitolina among ruins of Jerusalem.[4]
167
Earliest known accusation of Jewish deicide (the notion that Jews were held responsible for the death of Jesus) made in a sermon On the Passover attributed to Melito of Sardis.
Fourth century[edit]

306
The Synod of Elvira bans intermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also forbidden.
315–337
Constantine I enacts various laws regarding the Jews: Jews are not allowed to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed. Congregations for religious services are restricted, but Jews are also allowed to enter the restituted Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.
325
First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. The Christian Church separates the calculation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover: "It was ... declared improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy festival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of these wretched men are necessarily blinded.... Let us, then, have nothing in common with the Jews, who are our adversaries. ... avoiding all contact with that evil way. ... who, after having compassed the death of the Lord, being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by an unrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. ... a people so utterly depraved. ... Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, in order that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides and the murderers of our Lord. ... no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews."[5][6]
361–363
Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Temple.
386
John Chrysostom of Antioch writes eight homilies Adversus Judaeos (lit: Against the Judaizers)..
388
A Christian mob incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orders punishment for those responsible, and rebuilding the synagogue at the Christian expense. Ambrose of Milan insists in his letter that the whole case be dropped. He interrupts the liturgy in the emperor's presence with an ultimatum that he would not continue until the case was dropped. Theodosius complies.
399
The Western Roman Emperor Honorius calls Judaism superstitio indigna and confiscates gold and silver collected by the synagogues for Jerusalem.

415
Jews are accused of ritual murder during Purim Christians in Antioch confiscate synagogue. Bishop Cyril of Alexandria forces his way into the synagogue, expels the Jews and gives their property to the mob. Prefect Orestes is stoned almost to death for protesting.
418
The first record of Jews being forced to convert or face expulsion. Severus, the Bishop of Minorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews to accept Christianity upon conquering the island. Synagogue in Magona, now Port Mahon capital of Minorca, burnt.
419
The monk Barsauma (Not the Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and for the next three years destroys synagogues throughout the province of Palestine.
429
The East Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders all funds raised by Jews to support schools be turned over to his treasury.
439 January 31
The Codex Theodosianus, the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited from holding important positions involving money, including judicial and executive offices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. The anti-Jewish statutes apply to the Samaritans. The Code is also accepted by Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III.
451
Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II of Persia's decree abolishes the Sabbath and orders executions of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch Mar Nuna.
465
Council of Vannes, Gaul prohibited the Christian clergy from participating in Jewish feasts.

519
Ravenna, Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders the town to rebuild them at its own expense.
529–559
Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great publishes Corpus Juris Civilis. New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years: Jewish civil rights restricted: "they shall enjoy no honors". The principle of Servitus Judaeorum (Servitude of the Jews) is established: the Jews cannot testify against Christians. The emperor becomes an arbiter in internal Jewish matters and The use of the Hebrew language in worship is forbidden. Shema Yisrael ("Hear, O Israel, the Lord is one"), sometimes considered the most important prayer in Judaism, is banned as a denial of the Trinity. Some Jewish communities are converted by force, their synagogues turned into churches.
535
The First Council of Clermont (of Gaul) prohibits Jews from holding public office.
538
The Third Council of Orléans (of Gaul) forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited from appearing in the streets during Easter: "their appearance is an insult to Christianity". A Merovingian king Childebert approves the measure.
576
Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews a choice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to Marseilles.
589
The Council of Narbonne, Septimania, forbids Jews from chanting psalms while burying their dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold. The third Council of Toledo, held under Visigothic King Reccared, bans Jews from slave ownership and holding positions of authority, and reiterates the mutual ban on intermarriage. Reccared also rules children out of such marriages to be raised as Christians.

610–620
Visigothic Hispania After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country.
614
Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holding military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families.
615
Italy. The earliest referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (the Jewish Oath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against a Christian. The oath became standardized throughout Europe in 1555.
629 March 21
Byzantine Emperor Heraclius with his army marches into Jerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is a good deed. Hundreds of Jews are massacred, thousands flee to Egypt.
Frankish King Dagobert I, encouraged by Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, expels all Jews from the kingdom.
632
The first case of officially sanctioned forced baptism. Emperor Heraclius violates the Codex Theodosianus, which protected them from forced conversions.
681
The Twelfth Council of Toledo, Spain orders burning of the Talmud and other "heretic" books.
682
Visigothic king Erwig begins his reign by enacting 28 anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the "utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews" and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest, who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must be spent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the backsliding.
692
Quinisext Council in Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.
694
17th Council of Toledo. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews had conspired to ally themselves with the Muslim invaders and forces Jews to give all land, slaves and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from their homes and raised as Christians.


717
Possible date for the Pact of Umar, a document that specified restrictions on Jews and Christians (dhimmi) living under Muslim rule. However, academic historians believe that this document was actually compiled at a much later date.
722
Byzantine emperor Leo III forcibly converts all Jews and Montanists in the empire into mainstream Byzantine Christianity.
Ninth century[edit]

807
Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one.
820
Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons, declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a complete segregation of Christians and Jews. In 826 he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor Louis the Pious to attack "Jewish insolence", but fails to convince the Emperor.
898–929
French king Charles the Simple confiscates Jewish-owned property in Narbonne and donates it to the Church.

1008–1013
Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ("the Mad") issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden "golden calf" around their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.
1012
One of the first known persecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor expels Jews from Mainz.
1016
The Jewish community of Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion.
1026
Probable date of the chronicle of Raoul Glaber. The French chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by (Muslim) Caliph Al-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns.
1032
Abul Kamal Tumin conquers Fez, Morocco and decimates the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.
1050
Council of Narbonne, France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes.
1066 December 30
Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."[9]
1078
Council of Girona decrees Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as Christians.
1090
The Jewish community of Granada, which had recovered after the attacks of 1066, attacked again at the hands of the Almoravides led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, bringing the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain to end.
1096
The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders pass through several Central European cities. The third, unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewish communities, most notably in the Rhineland, under the slogan: "Why fight Christ's enemies abroad when they are living among us?" Eimicho's host attacks the synagogue at Speyer and kills all the defenders. 800 are killed in Worms. Another 1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mainz to escape his attempt to forcibly convert them; see German Crusade, 1096. Attempts by the local bishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered.[10]

1107
Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin ordered all Moroccan Jews to convert or leave.
1143
150 Jews were killed in Ham, France.
1144 March 20 (Passover)
The case of William of Norwich, a contrived accusation of murder by Jews in Norwich, England.[/url]

now go boil your head you stupid woman.

[GreekIslandGirl]

here is a list of events, upto 1190.

2nd century BCE
Various Greek and Roman writers, such as Mnaseas of Patras, Apollonius Molon, Apion and Plutarch, repeat the legend that Jews worship a pig, a golden calf, a head, etc.

Never mind a list - (see later for why you stopped at 1190 ) - in trying to obfuscate what you actually claimed against the Greeks - in unison with the inherent racism against Greeks behind this thread.

There is only one mention of Greeks (quoted above), in your long list of derailing irrelevancies, and there is nothing anti-Semitic in making a historical note about the types of gods they worshiped since the Greeks themselves were interested in gods of any description.

Now, back to what I said about stereotyping Jews as greedy moneylenders and of relevance to antisemitism today.

Despite the fact that Shakespeare probably never met a Jew, The Merchant of Venice includes a character named Shylock who has become the archetype of the Jewish moneylender stereotype. Derek Cohen asserts that the Shylock character is "the best known Jew in English."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype ... literature



Anyone wondered why stupid stud terminated his list at a particular year (at the anti-Semitic case of William of Norwich)?

Well, shortly after ....

... although Jews were expelled from England in 1290, stereotypes were so ingrained and so durable that they persisted in English society as evidenced by presentations in English literature,


Which brings us back to exactly the point I made earlier ...

[Demonax]

Greeks who helped and saved Jews during the Nazi occupation, honoured by Israel:

Greeks Honored Righteous Among Nations

The Embassy of Israel and the Central Board of Greek Jewish Communities (KISE) held a special ceremony honoring three exceptional stories of courage and self- sacrifice. The Ambassador of Israel to Greece, Arye Mekel, and the President of KISE, David Saltiel, presented the medals and title of Righteous among the Nations, to three Greek Christians who rescued persecuted Jewish compatriots during the Nazi occupation. The Greek Deputy Minister of Justice, Kostas Karagounis, delivered an address at the event held March 12.

The events was also attended by: MPs Kyriakos Gerontopoulos, President of the Greek – Israeli Friendship Committee of the Hellenic Parliament, Stavros Kontonis (SYRIZA) also a member of the committee, the President of the Jewish Community of Athens, Benjamin Albalas, and the Ambassadors of Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Canada, which head the International Task Force for Holocaust Remembrance (ITF).

Lela Karagianni, the legendary woman of the Greek Resistance during World War II, was declared Righteous among the Nations for rescuing the family of Solomon Cohen in 1944. In April of that year, Karagianni provided shelter to Solomon Cohen, his wife Regina and their young daughter Shelly, even though the Nazis suspected her of being a member of the Resistance. She also made sure the family was transported to a safe refuge when circumstances became even more perilous. A short time later, Karagianni was arrested and executed by the Nazis, just prior to the liberation of Athens. Her award was received by her grandson, Alexandros Papagiannis.

Giorgos and Polymnia Theodorakis were honored for rescuing Beatrice Matalon. In September 1943, the Theodorakis family provided shelter to Beatrice in their home in Athens during the Nazi occupation. The Theodorakis couple did so even though they had a two-year-old daughter and Polymnia was pregnant with their second child. Giorgos and Polymnia did not waver in their support for Beatrice even when the Nazis came knocking on their door. Their awards were received by their daughter, Lydia Theodoraki-Dimaki.

The title of Righteous among the Nations is bestowed by Yad Vashem, the Museum and Institute established in Jerusalem by the State of Israel in memory of the six million victims of the Holocaust. It is given to individuals who risked their lives to save Jews during World War II. Presenting the award requires an extensive investigation by Yad Vashem and approval by the Israeli High Court. It is considered one of the highest honors that can be bestowed by the State of Israel.

Over 300 Greek “Righteous” have been honored until now. They include the late Archbishop of Greece during the Nazi occupation, Damaskinos, the Chief of Police in German-occupied Greece, Angelos Evert, the former Mayor of the island of Zakynthos, Loukas Karrer, the late Metropolitans of Zakynthos and Dimitriada, Chrysostomos and Ioakim respectively, as well as many other unsung heroes of World War II. The event included a presentation of a video by Filmmaker, Vassilis Loules, documenting the resistance activities of Lela Karagianni and musical accompaniment.

The Ambassador of Israel, Arye Mekel referred to the work of Yad Vashem, saying that the Jewish people have not forgotten those who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust including 310 brave “Righteous” Greeks. He added that it is amazing that even today, 70 years later, Yad Vashem continues to discover and honor such heroes. The President of KISE, David Saltiel, referred to the terrible tragedy of Greek Jewry which lost 86% of its population during the German occupation. He also emphasized on the importance of expressing recognition and gratitude to the saviors of Jews. The Deputy Minister of Justice, Kostas Karagounis, emphasized the uniqueness of the Holocaust in history, while stressing the dangers of the resurgence of anti-Semitic and neo-Nazi phenomena in Europe.

Here you can read the full rescue stories

LELA KARAGIANNI

Until World War II, Lela Karagianni was a housewife who lived with her seven children in Athens. She had no involvement in politics. In April 1941, the German Army invaded Yugoslavia and moved Southeast to Greece. The country was divided into Italian and German zones with Athens coming under the control of the Italians. During the same year, Karagianni joined an underground cell of the Greek resistance movement EDES. The cell was code- named Bouboulina and cooperated with British intelligence. Karagianni and her fellow resistance fighters falsified papers and helped smuggle people into the areas under the control of the partisans.

A number of Jews were included among the people that Karagianni rescued. In 1947, in a letter written in 1947 to Lela’s husband, Solomon Cohen described her altruism: “In the most dangerous of times, when we thought all was lost and that there was no more hope for us, we turned to Mrs. Karagianni. We were in deep despair, and this was our last resort. I will never forget the moment when she opened her door to us. This was at a time when even our closest friends avoided us. She sheltered us in her home, although she knew that she was already under heavy suspicion”.

Solomon Cohen, his wife Regina and his daughter Shelly (Cohen) Kounio, born 1932, had fled to Athens from their native Salonika at a time when Athens was still relatively safe. However, when the Germans invaded the southern part of Greece in September 1943, the Cohen family decided to disobey the orders and not to register. Instead, they went into hiding. In April 1944, they were desperately looking for a safe-house and arrived at Karagianni’s home. Karagianni hid them for some time, and then helped them find a better location.

In July 1944, Lela Karagianni was arrested by the Germans. She was executed two months later, in September 1944.

On September 13, 2011 Yad Vashem recognized Lela Karagianni as Righteous among the Nations.

GEORGIOS & POLYMNIA THEODORAKIS

Caroline Matalon was a widow who lived in Thessaloniki with her three adult daughters, Rachel, Sara and Beatrice. After the occupation of Thessaloniki by Nazi Germany, Sara and her grandfather fell ill, and Caroline took them for medical treatment to Athens, which was under Italian control and where the situation for Jews was better. Caroline’s daughter Rachel, her husband Moshe Tshernio and their two children, Meir and Caroline, remained in Thessaloniki. When the deportations from Salonika began in March 1943, they were deported to Auschwitz, where they all perished.

The other daughter, Beatrice Matalon (born 1919), joined her mother, sister and grandfather in Athens. During their stay in Athens, the Matalons became friends with George and Polymnia Theodorakis, who lived in the center of the city with their small two-year-old daughter.

In September 1943, the Germans invaded the Italian-controlled areas and the preparations for the deportation of the Jews of Athens began. Polymnia’s brother worked for the Greek Railway Company, and thus learned of the planned transports. Although Polymnia was pregnant, the couple told Beatrice to hide in their apartment, placing their lives in peril. They introduced her to their neighbors and friends as Giorgos’ relative, on a visit from Egypt. Beatrice slept on a sofa in their living room and helped with the housework. Her mother was hid in a different place, and Polymnia would bring her food regularly. One day a German officer knocked on the door. It turned out that he was looking for another apartment, but both the rescuers and Beatrice were extremely frightened by the incident. Nevertheless, Giorgos insisted that Beatrice should stay with them.

When the war ended, Beatrice stayed with her benefactors for another couple of months. She never returned to Thessaloniki. In 1948, the grandfather settled in Paris, and Beatrice and her mother joined him there. In 1956 Beatrice married a Holocaust survivor, Richard Barzilay. Despite the distance, she continued to maintain warm relations with the Theodorakis family, and the two families would visit each other. Nevertheless, for the rest of her life Beatrice was marked by the trauma of the Holocaust period. It was her stepson who encouraged her to face the terrible memories and convinced her to turn to Yad Vashem and ask to have her rescuers recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.

On 12 April 2011, Yad Vashem recognized Giorgos and Polymnia Theodorakis as Righteous among the Nations.

http://greece.greekreporter.com/2013/03 ... g-nations/

[kimon07]

Now, not all Greeks are intolerant towards Jews ............

Sadly, I have noticed a disproportionate number of Greeks with prejudices against this group of people.

(!!) I can see YOU think very highly of the Jewish nation.

Now, coming to the point:

Jewish Virtual Library
Report on Treatment of Greek Jews
(May, 1943)
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jso ... erep6.html
________________________________________

Some of the Jewish Communities in Greece, like those of Chalcis, Janina, Arta, and Corfu, are very ancient. Their origin is lost in antiquity.
For instance, amongst the ruins of Delos, the sacred island of Ancient Greece, reputed to have been the birth place of Apollo and a great centre of worship throughout the pagan ages, the remains of the Synagogue are still to be seen.
The modern Community of Salonica, the largest in Greece, is a settlement of Spanish Jews who fled there from the persecutions of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand the Catholic. They still speak amongst themselves a Spanish dialect in which many archaic forms of language were preserved, and many of them had Judaeo-Spanish names. Ever since Greece recovered her independence by conquest in 1830, the laws of the Kingdom have granted full civil and social rights to the Jews of Greece. At no time have these rights been denied or questioned, and at no time have the Greek people allowed themselves to be reached by any of the successive waves of anti-Semitism which have periodically swept over Europe; in fact, anti-Semitism is entirely unknown in Greece and entirely alien to the national character. Neither had the Jews, during domestic controversies, some of which have been extremely acute, been made as in so many other countries, scape-goats for public misfortunes. This is all the more remarkable because the Jews in those parts of Greece which were most recently united to the Kingdom (Salonica, for instance), although completely assimilated as far as the national consciousness and the actual participation in the nation's life are concerned (they were always represented in Parliament by Jewish members), have been entirely free to retain their own dialect, a form of Judaeo-Spanish which they speak amongst themselves, and their own customs.
In more recent years the Greek Jews have always shared the vicissitudes of their country of adoption. In the present war against Fascism and Nazism, many Jews have distinguished themselves by their gallantry in military action. A particularly memorable example was given by the Jewish Colonel Frizis, of the Greek Royal Infantry, a member of the very ancient Jewish Community of Chalcis, in Euboea. Colonel Frizis, after a series of feats of arms, was killed on his horse, which he refused to dismount, in total disregard of danger, during an attack by dive-bombers. The Greek Press published a detailed account of this heroic death, together with the letter of condolence addressed to his widow by the late Prime Minister of Greece, in which he informed her that the Colonel's children would be brought up in the nation's care.
Soon after the invasion of Greece, the Gestapo, which arrived on the heels of the German Army, enforced, together with other general measures of oppression and terrorism, the introduction of anti-Jewish measures, forbidding Jews to practice certain professions, to enter cafes, restaurants, theatres, cinemas, etc. The repercussions of such measures were keenly felt in Salonica, where the Jewish Community is very large. These measures, dictated by a hated and despised enemy, and directed against compatriots who had taken a full and honorable part in this last total war of the Greek nation, were met with profound indignation by Greek public opinion, and with such stubborn opposition that their efforts were entirely neutralized. It seems that even the Puppet Government, under authorities had a formal protest against anti-Semitic measures.
In the month of August, 1942, the German authorities ordered all male Jews between the ages of 16 and 40 to assemble in Salonica, the intention being, apparently, to send them to a specially organized ghetto to be established in Crete. When 9,000 had been rounded up, the Germans paraded them and forced them to march and run for two hours, then beat them indiscriminately. About 100 of the prisoners fell unconscious as a result of this treatment, and two died. Informers who were present pointed out those Jews who were known to have property, and the Germans by means of extreme ill-treatment extorted money and jewelry from them.
A solemn warning was issued by Greek Orthodox Church authorities that if the Germans persisted with a plan to send the Jews to the Crete ghetto, or if they deported them to Poland, there would be a general uprising of the entire population: accordingly the plan was abandoned. Instead, the Jews were sent to a concentration camp in the Macedonian Mountains. Where they were condemned to forced labor, road-building and farm work.
……………….

[Cap]

Where you been Kimon?

[Oceanside50]

(Apart from Kissinger), Jews and Greeks have a mutual respect going back to biblical times. The Jews have a saying that the only ones who can outwit them are Greeks. Praise indeed.

I've never met an antisemitic Greek but the world is a little more wary now, not of ordinary Jews, but the ultra-rich bank-owning sector behind the current banking crisis.

Antisemitism really started with the medieval English.

Shakespeare created the idea of the mean moneylender Jews; Shylock who demanded his 'pound of flesh'.

Your racism is getting the better of you. The earlist known records of anti semtism with writings aimed against Jewish
religion and lifestyle can be traced back Greeks in Alexandria in about 2nd century bc or so.

What racism is in my post, nutjob? The only racism so far is the anti-Greek nature of this whole thread.

As for your throwing a strop at a well known literary and historical fact (have you ever read Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, pleb?) that antisemitism was rife in medieval England, then sorry to burst your Imperialist bubble. [mirth]

And no, you are quite wrong, there was no anti-semitism in early Greek and Roman history as enemies were formed on ethnic grounds in fighting over territories. Anti-semitism is a little more subtle and Shakespeare defined it to a "t".

What historical fact? just your delusions. While antisemitism existed in England, as it did elsewhere,I doubt Shakespeare invented the greedy money lending Jew. He almost certainly used a preexisting racist stereotype that his audience would have liked , and as I have pointed out antisemitism can be traced as far back as 2nd Century BC Alexendria, a point about
which you are plainly in denial as it disturbs your illusory world about your oh so perfect Greeks .




indeed you seem to be throwing the strop at the suggestion that Greeks could have done such things, and in falsely blaming the English for inventing antisemitism you demonstrate both your racist prejudice against the English and your ignorance of history.

here is a list of events, upto 1190.

2nd century BCE
Various Greek and Roman writers, such as Mnaseas of Patras, Apollonius Molon, Apion and Plutarch, repeat the legend that Jews worship a pig, a golden calf, a head, etc.
19 CE
Roman Emperor Tiberius expels Jews from Rome. Expulsion is reported by the Roman historical writers Suetonius, Josephus, and Cassius Dio.
37–41
Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in Alexandria (Egypt), as recounted by Philo of Alexandria in Flaccus.
50
Jews ordered by Roman Emperor Claudius "not to hold meetings", in the words of Cassius Dio (Roman History, 60.6.6). Claudius later expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius ("Lives of the Twelve Caesars", Claudius, Section 25.4) and Acts 18:2.
66–73
Great Jewish Revolt against the Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of victory, as there is "no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God." (Philostratus, Vita Apollonii). The events of this period were recorded in detail by the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus. His record is largely sympathetic to the Roman view and was written in Rome under Roman protection; hence it is considered a controversial source. Josephus describes the Jewish revolt as being led by "tyrants," to the detriment of the city, and of Titus as having "moderation" in his escalation of the Siege of Jerusalem.
1st century
Fabrications of Apion in Alexandria, Egypt, including the first recorded case of blood libel. Juvenal writes anti-Jewish poetry. Josephus picks apart contemporary and old antisemitic myths in his work Against Apion.
Late 1st–early 2nd century
Tacitus writes anti-Jewish polemic in his Histories (book 5). He reports on several old myths of ancient antisemitism (including that of the donkey's head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews "regard the rest of mankind
with all the hatred of enemies" is his analysis of the extreme differences between monotheistic Judaism and the polytheism common throughout the Roman world.
115–117
Thousands of Jews are killed during civil unrest in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica, as recounted by Cassius Dio, History of Rome (68.31), Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica (4.2), and papyrii.
c. 119
Roman emperor Hadrian bans circumcision, making Judaism de facto illegal.
c. 132–135
Crushing of the Bar Kokhba revolt. According to Cassius Dio 580,000 Jews are killed. Hadrian orders the expulsion of Jews from Judea, which is merged with Galilee to form the province Syria Palaestina. Although large Jewish populations remain in Samaria and Galilee, with Tiberias as the headquarters of exiled Jewish patriarchs, this is the start of the Jewish diaspora. Hadrian constructs a pagan temple to Jupiter at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem, builds Aelia Capitolina among ruins of Jerusalem.[4]
167
Earliest known accusation of Jewish deicide (the notion that Jews were held responsible for the death of Jesus) made in a sermon On the Passover attributed to Melito of Sardis.
Fourth century[edit]

306
The Synod of Elvira bans intermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also forbidden.
315–337
Constantine I enacts various laws regarding the Jews: Jews are not allowed to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed. Congregations for religious services are restricted, but Jews are also allowed to enter the restituted Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.
325
First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. The Christian Church separates the calculation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover: "It was ... declared improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy festival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of these wretched men are necessarily blinded.... Let us, then, have nothing in common with the Jews, who are our adversaries. ... avoiding all contact with that evil way. ... who, after having compassed the death of the Lord, being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by an unrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. ... a people so utterly depraved. ... Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, in order that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides and the murderers of our Lord. ... no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews."[5][6]
361–363
Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Temple.
386
John Chrysostom of Antioch writes eight homilies Adversus Judaeos (lit: Against the Judaizers)..
388
A Christian mob incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orders punishment for those responsible, and rebuilding the synagogue at the Christian expense. Ambrose of Milan insists in his letter that the whole case be dropped. He interrupts the liturgy in the emperor's presence with an ultimatum that he would not continue until the case was dropped. Theodosius complies.
399
The Western Roman Emperor Honorius calls Judaism superstitio indigna and confiscates gold and silver collected by the synagogues for Jerusalem.

415
Jews are accused of ritual murder during Purim Christians in Antioch confiscate synagogue. Bishop Cyril of Alexandria forces his way into the synagogue, expels the Jews and gives their property to the mob. Prefect Orestes is stoned almost to death for protesting.
418
The first record of Jews being forced to convert or face expulsion. Severus, the Bishop of Minorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews to accept Christianity upon conquering the island. Synagogue in Magona, now Port Mahon capital of Minorca, burnt.
419
The monk Barsauma (Not the Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and for the next three years destroys synagogues throughout the province of Palestine.
429
The East Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders all funds raised by Jews to support schools be turned over to his treasury.
439 January 31
The Codex Theodosianus, the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited from holding important positions involving money, including judicial and executive offices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. The anti-Jewish statutes apply to the Samaritans. The Code is also accepted by Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III.
451
Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II of Persia's decree abolishes the Sabbath and orders executions of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch Mar Nuna.
465
Council of Vannes, Gaul prohibited the Christian clergy from participating in Jewish feasts.

519
Ravenna, Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders the town to rebuild them at its own expense.
529–559
Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great publishes Corpus Juris Civilis. New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years: Jewish civil rights restricted: "they shall enjoy no honors". The principle of Servitus Judaeorum (Servitude of the Jews) is established: the Jews cannot testify against Christians. The emperor becomes an arbiter in internal Jewish matters and The use of the Hebrew language in worship is forbidden. Shema Yisrael ("Hear, O Israel, the Lord is one"), sometimes considered the most important prayer in Judaism, is banned as a denial of the Trinity. Some Jewish communities are converted by force, their synagogues turned into churches.
535
The First Council of Clermont (of Gaul) prohibits Jews from holding public office.
538
The Third Council of Orléans (of Gaul) forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are
prohibited from appearing in the streets during Easter: "their appearance is an insult to Christianity". A Merovingian king Childebert approves the measure.
576
Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews a choice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to Marseilles.
589
The Council of Narbonne, Septimania, forbids Jews from chanting psalms while burying their dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold. The third Council of Toledo, held under Visigothic King Reccared, bans Jews from slave ownership and holding positions of authority, and reiterates the mutual ban on intermarriage. Reccared also rules children out of such marriages to be raised as Christians.

610–620
Visigothic Hispania After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country.
614
Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holding military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families.
615
Italy. The earliest referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (the Jewish Oath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against a Christian. The oath became standardized throughout Europe in 1555.
629 March 21
Byzantine Emperor Heraclius with his army marches into Jerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is a good deed. Hundreds of Jews are massacred, thousands flee to Egypt.
Frankish King Dagobert I, encouraged by Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, expels all Jews from the kingdom.
632
The first case of officially sanctioned forced baptism. Emperor Heraclius violates the Codex Theodosianus, which protected them from forced conversions.
681
The Twelfth Council of Toledo, Spain orders burning of the Talmud and other "heretic" books.
682
Visigothic king Erwig begins his reign by enacting 28 anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the "utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews" and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest, who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must be spent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the backsliding.
692
Quinisext Council in Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.
694
17th Council of Toledo. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews had conspired to ally themselves with the Muslim invaders and forces Jews to give all land, slaves and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from their homes and raised as Christians.


717
Possible date for the Pact of Umar, a document that specified restrictions on Jews and Christians (dhimmi) living under Muslim rule. However, academic historians believe that this document was actually compiled at a much later date.
722
Byzantine emperor Leo III forcibly converts all Jews and Montanists in the empire into mainstream Byzantine Christianity.
Ninth century[edit]

807
Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one.
820
Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons, declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a complete segregation of Christians and Jews. In 826 he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor Louis the Pious to attack "Jewish insolence", but fails to convince the Emperor.
898–929
French king Charles the Simple confiscates Jewish-owned property in Narbonne and donates it to the Church.

1008–1013
Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ("the Mad") issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden "golden calf" around their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.
1012
One of the first known persecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor expels Jews from Mainz.
1016
The Jewish community of Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion.
1026
Probable date of the chronicle of Raoul Glaber. The French chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by (Muslim) Caliph Al-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns.
1032
Abul Kamal Tumin conquers Fez, Morocco and decimates the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.
1050
Council of Narbonne, France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes.
1066 December 30
Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."[9]
1078
Council of Girona decrees Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as Christians.
1090
The Jewish community of Granada, which had recovered after the attacks of 1066, attacked again at the hands of the Almoravides led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, bringing the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain to end.
1096
The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders pass through several Central European cities. The third, unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewish communities, most notably in the Rhineland, under the slogan: "Why fight Christ's enemies abroad when they are living among us?" Eimicho's host attacks the synagogue at Speyer and kills all the defenders. 800 are killed in Worms. Another 1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mainz to escape his attempt to forcibly convert them; see German Crusade, 1096. Attempts by the local bishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered.[10]

1107
Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin ordered all Moroccan Jews to convert or leave.
1143
150 Jews were killed in Ham, France.
1144 March 20 (Passover)
The case of William of Norwich, a contrived accusation of murder by Jews in Norwich, England.[/url]

now go boil your head you stupid woman.

All the Jewish people I've met have always had great admiration for Greeks, they study Greek myths they know Greek history and they really like the Greek cuisine.. One Jew once told me that there's a Jewish saying that it takes two Jews to figure out a Greek Cypriot ..and Greeks love them

[kimon07]

Where you been Kimon?

Bit busy (glad to say).

[Cap]

Where you been Kimon?

Bit busy (glad to say).

Glad to hear it!