by halil » Mon Jul 23, 2012 11:32 am
A long-standing conflict
The roots of modern displacement in Cyprus date back to British colonial rule. After decades of growing dissatisfaction with British leadership, Greek and Turkish Cypriots organised separate armed movements against the British in the late 1950s. While the Greek Cypriots were calling for union with Greece, Turkish Cypriots were demanding partition of the island into Greek and Turkish zones. Britain renounced sovereignty over Cyprus, and a 1960 agreement with the governments of Greece and Turkey as well as Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders established an independent Republic of Cyprus with a power-sharing arrangement between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities. However, neither the Greek nor the Turkish Cypriots were satisfied with the agreement as it rejected their respective demands (ICG, 8 March 2006, p.1; TESEV, 30 April 2005, p.20).
The power-sharing arrangement broke down in 1963. After many disputes, the Greek Cypriot leadership proposed thirteen constitutional amendments to make the constitution more workable, one of which included modifying the number of Greek and Turkish Cypriot civil servants to reflect their respective population ratios (Chrysostomides, 2000, p.33). Turkish Cypriot government officials rejected these proposals, stating that political protections for Turkish Cypriots would be removed. They withdrew from their posts, and the bi-communal arrangement collapsed (ICG, 8 March 2006; Coufoudakis, 2006, p.7). Violence between Greek and Turkish Cypriots ensued and hundreds were killed (191 Turkish Cypriots and 133 Greek Cypriots) or disappeared (209 Turkish Cypriots and 41 Greek Cypriots) (TESEV, 30 April 2005, p.27). Over 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and several hundred Greek Cypriots fled their homes, with Turkish Cypriots seeking refuge in guarded enclaves (ICG, 8 March 2006; Scott 1998, p.145; TESEV, 30 April 2005, p.27; Hannay, 2005, p.4). The United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) was established in 1964, but intermittent violence continued nevertheless (Hannay, 2005, p.4). Turkish Cypriot government members never returned to their posts and instead formed a separate administrative body for the Turkish Cypriot community.
The situation erupted again in July 1974 when the Greek Cypriot government was ousted in a coup engineered by the government of Greece (Coufoudakis, 2006, p. 5). Within days, Turkey invaded and intercommunal violence broke out in addition to the Turkish military operation,
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leading to the death and disappearance of some 3,000 Greek and Turkish Cypriots, as well as Greek and Turkish military personnel (TESEV, 30 April 2005, p.35). By the time a ceasefire came into effect in mid-August, Turkish troops had gained control of 37 per cent of the island and from 183,000 to 242,000 people had been displaced (ICG, 8 March 2006; Coufoudakis, 2006, p.85). This included between 142,000 and 182,000 Greek Cypriots and between 41,000 and 60,000 Turkish Cypriots (PRIO, 7 March 2006; Republic of Cyprus, 27 September 2007; TESEV, 30 April 2005; Coufoudakis, 2006, p.88; European Commission of Human Rights, 10 July 1976; Palley, 2005 p.173; USCR, 1998, p.172).