Upon independence from the British colonial regime, the two people negotiated and signed three international treaties in 1959-60; and agreed to share power under a partnership republic. According to the “Basic Structure” of the Zurich Agreement of 1959, Cyprus was to have a presidential form of government, with a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot as vice president elected separately by their respective communities. Treaties spelled out the principle of political equality between the two communities in a partnership state, based on federalism. The two people were accepted as politically equal co-partners. Legislative authority was vested in the House of Representatives, composed of 70% Greek and 30% Turkish Cypriots; elected by respective communities, same percentage was allocated for civil services. Both communities managed their communal affairs through separate chambers and municipalities. A Supreme Constitutional Court was established for adjudication in case of a dispute.
Republic of Cyprus came into being on 16 August 1960. Turkey, the UK and Greece became the guarantors of the treaties. However, the partnership republic was short lived. Greek Cypriots devised a clandestine plan to unite the Cyprus Island with Greece. In 1963, President of the Republic unilaterally revoked the thirteen provisions of the constitution related to the political rights of Turk Cypriots. Supreme constitutional court struck down the Presidential order. However, President refused to abide by the court verdict. Because of standoff, the constitutional system collapsed and the two sides established their separate administrations.
During 1963-74, Greek Cypriots and their associated militias killed and wounded thousands of Turk Cypriots. Around 30,000 became homeless. On 15 July 1974, the Military Junta ruling Greece staged a coup d’état through its military and Greek Cypriot collaborators. This was the final phase of the armed takeover of Cyprus. Those who opposed the coup were killed in a large number, resulting into an exodus. Turkey requested the other guarantor of the treaties, the UK, for a joint action to restore status quo ante. Britain declined to fulfil its obligations. On 20 July 1974, Turkey intervened militarily to stop the bloodshed.
Vienna agreement was signed in 1975 leading to population regrouping through communal migrations. This gave rise to the issue of abandoned properties, which is now one of the stickiest points of negotiations. After the population exchange, a bi-zonal bi-communal scenario emerged. A UN peace Mission was stationed on the island; its low profile presence continues to-date.
To end the stalemate and effectively take charge of the situation, the people of Turkish Cyprus proclaimed TRNC- The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state on 15 November 1983. Since its inception, the new republic has persistently followed a policy of reconciliation. It is striving hard to find a political solution to the dispute under a single state federal structure.
Current phase of the dialogue between the two states of Cyprus started in 2008; since then the two leaders have met around a hundred times.