Viewpoint wrote:You avoid answering the real question as what were the eoka terrorists doing and what was their role in pushing innocent TCs into enclaves.......which infact was the catalyst to all our the developments which have led us to where we are today.
Yeah!! Let us see who terrorised who into enclaves, a practice which was, indeed, the catalist to future developments etc., etc.
TMT – terrorist turkish group and the ENCLAVESEu Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus By Nathalie Tocci
(p.46)
Quote:
………….If the British were to leave Cyprus, the island should be relumed to Turkey and should under no circumstance be annexed to Greece.
This spontaneous rejection nurtured by the British led to a British-Turkish Cypriot front against EOKA in the mid-1950s. In 1956 the Turkish Cypriots began countering EOKA through VOLKAN and then in 1957 the TMT (Turk Mukavemet Teskilati).
These groups cooperated with British forces in resisting enosis. As a consequence, the Turkish Cypriots were automatically transformed into the enemies of the Greek Cypriot cause.
Active Turkish political interest in Cyprus began in 1955. This was partly a response to external events, namely EOKA violence and the UN debate on Cyprus. But domestic factors also encouraged Turkey’s attention. By the mid-1950s, Turkish Prime Minister Adrian Menderes was beginning to face serious economic problems, with a significant slowdown in growth, rising internal and external imbalances and inflationary pressures. Aiming to distract public attention from internal problems, Menderes turned to the external realm. The government stepped up its nationalist rhetoric on Cyprus. Initially, in the early and mid-1950s Turkey supported a retention of British rule. However, by 1957 Turkey formulated its own counter-position to enosis: taksim or partition of the island into Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot zones.
Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger By Christopher Hitchens p.116-117
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The real power in the North is held by the Turkish army and its allies. Among the latter, the most prominent is Mr Rauf Denktash’s National Unity Party. Ever since the days of the TMT underground, this faction has expressed the ambitions of conservative Turkish nationalism in Cyprus. Dr Kuchuk, again writing in his daily Hatkin Sesi, confirms that from 1957 he was in touch with Riza Vuruskan, the Turkish officer who led and founded TMT; first to help the British and then to fight against the Greeks and the Turkish Cypriot radicals. Dr Kuchuk recalled, on Vuruskan’s death in 1979, that in the 1950s he used to go to Ankara very frequently. During one of these visits, the late Prime Minister of Turkey, Adnan Menderes, introduced Riza Vuruskan to me . . Later on I met him at the office of a lieutenant general and talked with him there. During our meeting it was decided that Vuruskan should come to Cyprus as ‘civilian adviser’. He arrived in Cyprus under an assumed name.
Mr Denktash has also given his reminiscences of that period, in which he admitted for the first time what had long been suspected – that he had been among the founders of TMT:
Everybody thought 1 was the leader but I was not. I was political adviser. Immediately after forming it I handed it over. It was a good mask because even the British and American intelligence thought I was the man who decided everything. I was not. The leaders were former army officers from Turkey. [The Times. 20 January 1978]
In Turkish political terms, before the abolition of independent parties, the NUP would have straddled the right wing of the conservative Justice Party, with room at its extremity for supporters of the Fascist National Action Party of Colonel Turkes.
Cyprus and International Peacemaking By Farid Mirbagheri p. 48Quote:
The separation of the two communities has remained a contentious issue ever since the 1963 crisis began. The Turkish Cypriots claim that they were driven out of their homes by the Greek Cypriots and were therefore forced to take refuse in the enclaves. The Greek Cypriots. on the other hand, claim that the Turkish Cypriots imposed isolation on themselves to convince the world that the two could no longer live together in harmony.
All the evidence points towards the validity of the Greek Cypriots’ claim:
an official Turkish Cypriot document leaked to the Greek Cypriots stated that :“a fine of £25 or other severe punishment, and one month imprisonment or whipping’ would be imposed on Turks residing in the enclaves who entered Greek areas without special permit, or who did so (permit or no permit) for the purpose of visiting Greek courts, hospitals or other state institutions, or nor business with Greeks or friendly association with Greeks, or merely for a walk or for amusement.
In a report to the UN on 11 March l965 U Thant -stated: ‘The Turkish Cypriot policy of self-isolation has led the community in the opposite direction from normality.’
Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations By Oliver P. Richmond p.79Quote:
The result of the escalation of violence was that the Turkish Cypriots’ semi-voluntary withdrawal to enclaves became permanent, these areas being beyond the control of the government. This was both for their security and because
they were under pressure from hard-liners within the community to withdraw from any cooperation with the Greek Cypriot side. Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World – p.105-107
by Thomas Blom Hansen, Finn StepputatQuote:
105 • The Spirit of Terror Unlike political regimes which have been transformed or turned over in the last decades, whether it be in Europe, in the post socialist world, or in the Third World, a specific regime of authority has been more or less maintained in Turkish-Cypriot enclaves and territories in Cyprus, now, for almost forty years. Here, it is interesting to study the workings of an old-fashioned regime in the contemporary period. Indeed, an old political ethos haunts the contemporary in northern Cyprus,
“the spirit of the TMT* (“TMT ruhu”), as Turkish Cypriots call it.
The TMT (Turk Mukavemet Teskilati), the Turkish Resistance Organization, was a guerrilla group founded underground in 1958 by Turkish-Cypriot community leaders in collaboration with Turkey’s Special War Unit (Akkurt 2000, 35; Tansu 2001, 27-29). It took its inspiration from the Greek-Cypriot EOKA’ that was fighting the British for independence and for union with Greece (ENOSIS). The mimicry and mirroring between these two underground organizations and the administrative practices they engendered is significant. Now, as they generated what is problematically called the “inter-communal conflict between Turkish-Cypriots and Greek-Cypriots,” the members of EOKA and TMT also became community administrators early on. They took their place in the administrative body of the Republic of Cyprus, when declared independent (from the British) in I960. When in 1963 EOKA attacked Turkish-Cypriot communities, the whole island was parcelled into ghetto like enclaves with complicated borders guarded by the United Nations. Turkish-Cypriot administrators defected from the bi-communal Republic of Cyprus and under the organizing initiative of the TMT began to form their own separate state like system. The kernels of the contemporary unrecognized state in Cyprus (the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus”) and its specific culture of politics-’ were planted in that period.
The structure of the TMT and its political spirit was what organized the successive administrative entities under which the Turkish-Cypriots became subjects. A Turkish-Cypriot lawyer explained: “The TMT was protecting the Turkish-Cypriots from attacks by EOKA. And the Turkish-Cypriots had to recognize this force that was protecting them.”
106 • Yael Navaro-YashinNow, Turkish-Cypriots still speak of what they call
“the spirit of the TMT” as metaphor for the culture of politics in northern Cyprus. The old guerrilla fighters arc now leaders and members of the administration, more than forty years onward after the formation of the TMT. There is still a taboo around discussing the culture of terror inflicted by the TMT on its own subjects, the Turkish-Cypriots- And in official representations (in the administration’s newspapers and in propaganda speeches delivered in national ceremonies, school textbooks, and programs on TV), TMT fighters are represented as “heroes” who saved Turkish-Cypriots from being exterminated by the Greek-Cypriots. If this interpretation is partially accepted by Turkish-Cypriots, it is also complicated, by most who are not associated with the establishment, in spaces where people feel they can speak their mind. In the most intimate encounters, among close friends and family, people tell stories “of Turkish-Cypriots murdered by the TMT,” commonly speculating whether their “martyred” relatives may have been assassinated by the TMT and not, as officially claimed, by EOKA or by Greek-Cypriots. Numerous stories are circulated in private quarters about TMT atrocities against its own subjects, the Turkish-Cypriots.
Cemil, who was borm around the time when the TMT was created, said:
The system that has, to this day. continued to govern this country is the TMT system. The TMT was founded in 1958 and started to administer the Turkish-Cypriots. Even the postal service was in TMT hands in the period of enclaves between 1963 and 1974. Now we have the continuation of that administration, only under a different name, the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.”The spirit of 1958 still haunts us. People who have grown under this system learned to be discrete, to watch their words and speech.
I never learned to be this way; this is why they sacked me from a number of jobs. Somebody heard that I was saying something critical about the administration to somebody else. And that was the end of that.
“The TMT spirit” could be studied and analyzed as the political unconscious of Turkish-Cypriots. With the old guerrilla-fighters still in power, if in civilian or administrative garb, and offshoots of the old organizational circuits springing up under new names, the TMT is alive not only as a culture of politics but also as actual and implemented political organization. But when Turkish-Cypriots refer to what they call “the TMT spirit’ they are referring to the culture of terror, tacit fear, and enforced secrecy that was the order of the day at the height of conflict with Greek-Cypriots, between 1963 and 1974, a culture of politics that has remained as practice and precipitation since.
..."People almost viscerally remember the fear instigated by the TMT. Pembe Hanim, in her sixties, said:
The TMT came to our village and made a “guerrilla” out of every thief and idle man. These men became the leaders of the TMT in our village- We used to be afraid of both Greeks and Turks.
The TMT spread fear amongst us; that fear remains. They killed many Turks, you know...."
For example, they killed the husband of our neighbour Behice Hanim who was a policeman in the British bases. One night the TMT came to his house and said he should leave the gate to the bases open for them to go in and smuggle guns....."
If subjects of the administration in northern Cyprus speak of the endurance of “the TMT spirit,” that culture of fear they refer to with periodical lynchings and terrorization is relatively less intense today than it was at the height of conflict. The difference is that people have become used to being administered under such a system and have been inhabiting its culture of politicsEchoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide By Yiannis Papadakis p.196- 197
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BETRAYAL
‘My father was a farmer......
....First his dog was found, the one he used to take with him out in the fields. Then his body. The TMT came at once. ‘You see, we told him not to go there.’ They even told us the name of the killer. He was a Rum who drove a lorry. Bui later, when I was around sixteen perhaps, I began to hear things. That he was not killed by the Rums. That TMT killed him. But I refused to believe them. It was impossible to believe them.
I joined the TMT as soon as I was allowed to carry a gun because I hated Rums so much...."
"...
In 1974 I understood what TMT really meant. When the Rums attacked us and my friend right next to me was injured, none of those brave TMT guys came to help...." "... You know Yianni, it’s not impossible that some of the mass graves of Turkish Cypriots from 1974 were created like that, by a lunacy that someone like him came up with".
"In the beginning they didn’t want to talk about it, but when they realized that I knew everything they told me what happened.
How a TMT man killed my father under orders, how other Turkish Cypriots were killed by TMT and were later declared ‘martyrs’, as if they had been killed by Rums. And how the TMT even came to tell us the name of the killer, who was not the real killer.
That way they could kill two birds with one stone. Say that my father was killed by a Rum and make us take revenge and create more animosity. From then on I couldn’t stand the TMT. I felt ashamed for having been one of them, and for being so nationalist in the past. Many people were killed by TMT but people still pretend that they don’t know, even though everyone does.
The worst thing was to grow up thinking that your father was killed by the Rums and then find out.
Can you understand how I felt, Yianni?Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger By Christopher Hitchens p. 47
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http://truthaboutturks.wordpress.com/20 ... -enclaves/“The first inter-communal violence in the recent history of Cyprus was, in fact, caused by T.M.T. This was the result of a policy of hate cultivated by the Turkish Cypriot leadership and it aimed at persuading world public opinion that Turkish Cypriots could not co-exist with Greek Cypriots and, therefore, partition in one form or another was necessary. On 12 June 1958 eight innocent and unarmed Greek Cypriot civilians from Kondemenos village were murdered by T.M.T. terrorists near the Turkish populated village of Geunyeli...... "http://www.kypros.org/Cyprus_Problem/p_TMT.html