Cyprus-Forum.com

[Oracle]

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TERRITORIAL SEA BOUNDARY:
CYPRUS--SOVEREIGN BASE AREA (U.K.)

Introduction

When Cyprus became independent in 1960, the United Kingdom retained, as sovereign
British territory, certain base areas on the island. These non-ceded lands did not pass to
the new state. The limits between the base areas and Cyprus were precisely delimited as
international boundaries, and provisions were made for the demarcation on the lines.

In addition, Section 3 of the Treaty Concerning the Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus
provided for territorial sea boundaries between the Republic and the U.K. Sovereign Base
Area (SBA). These limits also may have a potential influence on continental shelf
boundaries although the possibility is not dealt with specifically in the treaty.

Section 3 states:

1. The Republic of Cyprus shall not claim, as part of its territorial sea, waters lying between
Line I and Line II as described in paragraph 2 of this Section, or between Line III and Line
IV as described therein.

2. The lines for the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Section shall be as follows:-

Line I: From the position of the low-water line lying in a 163º direction from Point No. 57
D/1, as defined in Schedule A to this Annex, in a 163º direction for 6.85 miles; then in a
207º direction for 3 miles; and then in a 204º direction.

Line II: From the position on the low-water line lying in a 108-1/2º direction from Point 59
A/5, as defined in Schedule A to this Annex, in a 108-1/2º direction for 7.8 miles; and then
in a 136º direction.

Line III: From the position on the low-water line lying in a 170º direction from Point No. 41
B/10, and defined in Schedule B to this Annex, in a 170º direction for 3.8 miles; then in a
136º direction for 3.1 miles; and then in a 156º direction.

Line IV: From the position on the low-water line lying in a 103º direction from Point No. 42
B/3, as defined in Schedule B to this Annex; in a 103º direction for 0.9 miles; then in a 150º
direction for 6.3 miles; and then in a 176º.

3. In paragraph 2 of this Section, the distances quoted are in sea miles reckoned at 1,582
international metres to one sea mile, and the bearings are referred to the True North and
are given in degrees reckoned clockwise from 000º (North) to 359º.

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The Schedules A and B cited in the Section list the various United Kingdom base sites
mentioned in the agreement. The specified points were plotted on large-scale maps which
were deposited with the treaty but never publicly printed. The U.K. Government, however,
has informed us that the values of the four points are as follows:

57

D/1

59

A/5

41

B/10

42

B/3

48401098

71971008

564009.7 E
3871228.2

582264.6
3869698.3

Cyprus Metric Grid

Cyprus Metric Grid

UTM Grid Coordinates

UTM Grid Coordinates

The four specific lines have been printed on the attached charts and represent the limits
between the territorial waters of the U.K. SBA and the Republic. The former would follow
the United Kingdom claim for territorial waters of 3 nautical miles while Cyprus claims 12.
The distances as measured from the normal baseline have been noted on the map.

Directional alignments of the boundaries change at distances greater than 3 nautical miles
from the baseline. Azimuths do not, however, change beyond 12 nautical miles. In each
instance, the terminal limits in the sea boundaries have not been designated; presumably
they may be continued indefinitely or until the adjacent lines connect. Since the 12-mile
limit from the baseline could have been determined precisely, the non-termination must
have been deliberate. Logically, the decision could be based on: a) the concern that one
party might extend its territorial sea to a distance which would envelop or enclose the sea
of the other; or 2) the anticipated need for the limits to serve as a continental shelf or
seabed boundary beyond the territorial sea.

The 100-fathom line on the chart, which is situated within the 3-mile limit (along the
boundaries), approximates the 200-meter depth limit cited in the Convention on the
Continental Shelf.

ANALYSIS

A precise determination of the principles used by the negotiators is impossible. The limits,
however, are not based on the equidistance principle. Rather they appear to have been
drawn as simplified normals to generalized coastal baselines. As the limit extends
seaward, the coastal area involved in the normalization increases and the line vector must
change. The result is a simplified but effective method of maritime boundary
determination. The principal difficulty, if indeed normalization was the basis, would involve
the determination of the "general direction" and sector of the coastline to be used for the
particular perpendicularity.

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The eastern sector's limits appear to converge at a distance of approximately 32 nautical
miles from the shore. The eastern boundary of the western U.K. SBA will not connect, if
prolonged, with the limits of the eastern SBA zone.

The United Kingdom is party to both the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous
Zone and to the Convention on the Continental Shelf. Cyprus has adhered to neither.

[Oracle]

However:

Constitution and governance

The SBAs were retained in 1960 as military bases under British sovereignty, not as ordinary colonial territories.

This is the basic philosophy of their administration as declared by Her Majesty's Government in 'Appendix O' to the 1960 treaty with Cyprus, which provided that the British government intended:

Not to develop the Sovereign Base Areas for other than military purposes.
Wiki

[Oracle]

Appendix O to the Treaty of Establishment

Declaration by Her Majesty's Government regarding the administration of the sovereign base area
Declaration by Her Majesty's Government regarding the Administration of the Sovereign Base Areas, being those Areas mentioned in Article 1 of the Treaty concerning the Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus which remain under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom

Her Majesty's Government declare that the main objects to be achieved are:-

(1) Effective use of the Sovereign Base Areas as military bases.

(2) Full co-operation with the Republic of Cyprus.

(3) Protection of the interests of those resident or working in the Sovereign Base Areas.

2. Her Majesty's Government further declare that their intention accordingly will be -

(i) Not to develop the Sovereign Base Areas for other than military purposes.

(ii) Not to set up and administer "colonies".

(iii) Not to create customs posts or other frontier barriers between the Sovereign Base Areas and the Republic.

(iv) Not to set up or permit the establishment of civilian commercial or industrial enterprises except in so far as these are connected with military requirements, and not otherwise to impair the economic commercial or industrial unity and life of the Island.

(v) Not to establish commercial or civilian seaports or airports.

(vi) Not to allow new settlement of people in the Sovereign Base Areas other than for temporary purposes.

(vii) Not to expropriate private property within the Sovereign Base Areas except for military purposes on payment of fair compensation.

3. With these purposes in mind, and subject to their military requirements and security needs, Her Majesty's Government make the following declaration of intention -

(1) Freedom of Access

Cypriots (and others resident in the Republic) will have freedom of access and communications to and through the Sovereign Base Areas, and of employment and cultivation in the Sovereign Base Areas and freedom of navigation and fishing in the territorial waters thereof.

(2) Legislation

The laws applicable to the Cypriot population of the Sovereign Base Areas will be as far as possible the same as the laws of the Republic.

(3) Protection of Cypriot Rights

The rights of Cypriots (and others resident in the Republic) and Cypriot communities and corporations in regard to property will be fully protected.

(4) Public Services

The Republic will be invited to provide a wide range of public services to be performed for Cypriots in the Sovereign Base Areas. These will include Education, Agriculture, Co-operative Development, Labour and Social Insurance, Social Welfare, Health and Medical Services, Postal Services, Forestry Services and Statistics. In addition Cypriot public utility services will be free to operate in the Sovereign Base Areas.

(5) Antiquities

The ancient monuments and antiquity sites specified in the schedule to this Declaration will be administered and maintained by the Republic. Licences for antiquity excavation will be issued by the Republic but will be subject to the consent of the authorities of the Sovereign Base Areas. Movable antiquities found in excavations or discovered will be the property of the Republic.

(6) Water Control

Subject only to military requirements and security needs being met, the policy to be carried out in regard to water control in the Sovereign Base Areas will be considered and decided by a joint committee.

(7) Customs

The Republic will be invited to collect and keep such customs duties as may, by arrangement, be levied on goods imported through ports in the Republic and destined for the Sovereign Base Areas. Arrangements will be made for the Republic to receive customs duties on commercial and personal imports, if any, collected by the authorities of the Sovereign Base Areas.

( 8 ) Taxes

Taxes, rates and fees payable by Cypriots or in respect of Cypriot property in the Sovereign Base Areas will be as far as possible the same as those in the Republic. The Republic will be invited to collect and keep taxes, rates and fees due from Cypriots resident or working in the Sovereign Base Areas or payable by Cypriots on privately owned or occupied immovable property therein. (This will apply also to taxes, rates and fees due from non-Cypriot residents and workers, exclusive of military personnel, civilians working with them and their families).

(9) Currency and Exchange Control

The currency of the Republic will be legal tender in the Sovereign Base Areas and the Exchange Control Regulations in the Sovereign Base Areas will be co-ordinated with those in the Republic.

(10) Mining

The Republic will be invited to collect and keep revenue derived from any royalties due or taxes payable on minerals obtained in the Sovereign Base Areas, and fees in respect of mining and prospecting licences, and for these purposes will be invited to issue licences in relation to these matters, subject to the consent and control of the authorities of the Sovereign Base Areas. These arrangements will not apply to stone, shingle, sand, gravel or other building and construction materials obtained by, or to mining and prospecting for such materials by, the United Kingdom authorities, or their contractors and others acting on their behalf.

(11) Land Registration

Arrangements will be made for the Land Registry of the Republic to perform, in relation to privately-owned land in the Sovereign Base Areas, the same functions relating to the issue of titles and the execution of transfers and ancillary services as are performed by the Land Registry of the Republic in regard to privately-owned land in the Republic.

(12) Civil Proceedings

Arrangements will be made to enable legal proceedings concerning civil rights and obligations in which all the parties are Cypriot take place m the Courts of the Republic, and for the enforcer within the Sovereign Base Areas of the judgements and orders of Courts in such proceedings.

(13) Criminal Proceedings

Arrangements will also be made to enable certain criminal proceedings in which both the complainant and accused are Cypriots to be tried by the Courts of the Republic.

(14) Prisons

Cypriots tried in the Courts of the Republic in pursuance of such arrangements will, if convicted and sentenced to imprisonment, serve their sentences in the Prisons of the Republic.

(15) Police

There will be co-operation between the Police and the Gendarmerie of the Republic and the Police of the Sovereign Base Areas for prevention and detection of crime and facilities will be given to the Police and Gendarmerie of the Republic for the investigation of offences triable by the Courts of the Republic.

(16) Assessment Tribunals

Where compulsory acquisition or requisition of private land is necessary for military purposes, the authorities of the Sovereign Base Areas will normally invite an assessor appointed by the Republic to assist the tribunal concerned in regard to compensation.

(17) District Officers

The District Officers of the Republic will be invited to perform such administrative duties in relation to Cypriots within the Sovereign Base Areas as may be agreed by the authorities of the Sovereign Base Areas and the Republic.

( 18 ) Labour

Cypriot labour, staff and contractors will be employed in the Sovereign Base Areas in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of Establishment.

(19) Commerce and Industry

The Republic will be invited to carry out in the Sovereign Base Areas the registration of companies and partnerships and such other administrative functions as may be agreed in the sphere of commerce, industry, transport and employment.

4. It is understood that-

(a) there will be no discrimination by the authorities of the Republic against those who live or work in the Sovereign Base Areas;

(b) expenses incurred in the exercise of any functions or services performed by the Republic in accordance with these arrangements will be borne by the Republic.

5. Her Majesty's Government are willing to co-operate with the Republic in the establishment as soon as possible of a Joint Consultative Board to advise the authorities of the Republic and those of the Sovereign Base Areas on such arrangements as may be necessary from time to time to give effect to the intentions of Her Majesty's Government set out in this Declaration. It is intended that this machinery of consultation and co-operation should apply to all aspects of this Declaration. It could also deal with questions of water supplies through the joint committee referred to in Annex B, Part II, Section 8 (3) of the Treaty concerning the Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus.

Schedule

(Paragraph 3, Clause (5) )

The following monuments and sites as delineated on the relative plans deposited with the Department of Lands and Surveys in Nicosia, the District Office of Limassol and the appropriate United Kingdom authorities in the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area.

(1) The Site and remains of Curium.

(2) The Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates near Curium.

(3) The Stadium of Curium

(4) The ancient Cemetery at Ayios Ermoyenis near Curium.

(5) The Church and remains of the Monastery of St. Nicholas of the Cats.

[denizaksulu]

Daniella, it's clear you are unable to follow a line of debate. Kindly stop butting in with useless information which detracts from the questions people ask whilst going to great pains to insult (in any language) the intelligence of those people who ask the questions.

Now, I am not asking you for any further input of superfluous MAPS when once again I try to raise the issue of the Sovereign Base Areas and their perceived rights to the Coastal Waters of Cyprus.

Stop bitching; all this information is useful for the understanding of the whole idea of oil/gas exploration and EEZ's.

Carry on Daniella; you too Oracle only if you can stop bitching.

Deniz, why don't you stop patronising people? You were not part of the debate which was terminated by an unnecessary, out-of-context "drawn" ("Map" to the rest of us) and then suffered the endless abuse when a legend was requested for clarification as to whether the "drawn" was indeed relevant to the SBA issue!

Just stop attacking me whenever I object to something by another "female" forumer and treat each "female" forumer as equal to "male" forumers! This is supposed to be a gender neutral debating site.

Back to the SBAs .....

Its an open fucking forum, for the benefit of all and not so YOU can bitch against any female. Now get on with a serious debate which we can all follow without the nastiness. Do 'scientists' have to behave like you do?

[Oracle]

Daniella, it's clear you are unable to follow a line of debate. Kindly stop butting in with useless information which detracts from the questions people ask whilst going to great pains to insult (in any language) the intelligence of those people who ask the questions.

Now, I am not asking you for any further input of superfluous MAPS when once again I try to raise the issue of the Sovereign Base Areas and their perceived rights to the Coastal Waters of Cyprus.

Stop bitching; all this information is useful for the understanding of the whole idea of oil/gas exploration and EEZ's.

Carry on Daniella; you too Oracle only if you can stop bitching.

Deniz, why don't you stop patronising people? You were not part of the debate which was terminated by an unnecessary, out-of-context "drawn" ("Map" to the rest of us) and then suffered the endless abuse when a legend was requested for clarification as to whether the "drawn" was indeed relevant to the SBA issue!

Just stop attacking me whenever I object to something by another "female" forumer and treat each "female" forumer as equal to "male" forumers! This is supposed to be a gender neutral debating site.

Back to the SBAs .....

Its an open fucking forum, for the benefit of all and not so YOU can bitch against any female. Now get on with a serious debate which we can all follow without the nastiness. Do 'scientists' have to behave like you do?

Kindly stop using gender-degrading terminology and try and understand that I treat male or female forumers exactly the same and in accordance with the contributions they make and not with any preconceived ideas, such as yours, that they are the "weaker" sex!

Stop being sexist!

... and stop inflaming debates with these constant comparisons. That's twice you've interjected, my attempts to re-track the thread, with your sexist nonsense.

[denizaksulu]

Daniella, it's clear you are unable to follow a line of debate. Kindly stop butting in with useless information which detracts from the questions people ask whilst going to great pains to insult (in any language) the intelligence of those people who ask the questions.

Now, I am not asking you for any further input of superfluous MAPS when once again I try to raise the issue of the Sovereign Base Areas and their perceived rights to the Coastal Waters of Cyprus.

Stop bitching; all this information is useful for the understanding of the whole idea of oil/gas exploration and EEZ's.

Carry on Daniella; you too Oracle only if you can stop bitching.

Deniz, why don't you stop patronising people? You were not part of the debate which was terminated by an unnecessary, out-of-context "drawn" ("Map" to the rest of us) and then suffered the endless abuse when a legend was requested for clarification as to whether the "drawn" was indeed relevant to the SBA issue!

Just stop attacking me whenever I object to something by another "female" forumer and treat each "female" forumer as equal to "male" forumers! This is supposed to be a gender neutral debating site.

Back to the SBAs .....

Its an open fucking forum, for the benefit of all and not so YOU can bitch against any female. Now get on with a serious debate which we can all follow without the nastiness. Do 'scientists' have to behave like you do?

Kindly stop using gender-degrading terminology and try and understand that I treat male or female forumers exactly the same and in accordance with the contributions they make and not with any preconceived ideas, such as yours, that they are the "weaker" sex!

Stop being sexist!

... and stop inflaming debates with these constant comparisons. That's twice you've interjected, my attempts to re-track the thread, with your sexist nonsense.

Good, so you will stick to the topic at hand. Thank you.

[Daniella]

You understand why the gas has to go to Europe?


(in red: Nabucco gas pipeline project)

Egypt is a major producer and is unlikely to Jordan and Syria to become customers of Israel. The gas can not easily be transported long distances, so the only possible customer is Europe, which means that Israel and Turkey-while-fighting officially unofficially discuss business.

So assuming that the cost to transport gas are high if Israel fails to make a direct pipeline to Greece, the only alternative is given by Turkey.
For this reason, recently, Benjamin Netanyahu spoke of the need for a rapprochement with Turkey (and Turkey also offered help to the fire on mountain Carmelo)

The Leviathan basin covers all maritime boundaries extended from Egypt to Syria and possibly to Turkey itself. Turkey and Russia are extremely interested spectators agreements (or lack of agreement) in view of the transit and sale of gas to Europe.
Medvedev will visit Israel in January, where it is called the exchange of technology, trade, especially of hydrocarbons.
Also note that in November, Gazprom signed a major agreement with Israel to develop its oil fields :
http://en.rian.ru/business/20101118/161391316.html





major pipelines are showed here:

Istruction for idiots : ------> enlarge image to see legend

If only... the EU was more than a "cover" for a pseudoworld market, perhaps the cypriots would not have turned to Israel to protect its interests...

[Oracle]

Greece and Israel are already sorting out the pipeline for the gas transport to to Greece where it will feed the rest of the EU.

Unfortunately for those backing Turkey, it no longer figures in these deals.



Sources inform ''Globes'' that Israel is considering building an undersea pipeline to export natural gas to Europe. The idea has been raised at the highest levels, including during a meeting last week between Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou.


Israel hopes that the possibility of exporting natural gas to Europe will strengthen the country's geopolitical standing. There is considerable anxiety in European countries over their dependence on Russian gas as a key energy source, after the Russian government's muscle-flexing and willingness to cut off gas supplies to countries that do not accept its diktats.

The idea of building an undersea pipeline from Israel's gas reserves to Greece emerged in response to the recent political tensions with Turkey, which would ordinarily be the natural partner for such a project. A pipeline to Greece, which is farther away, would be more expensive. However, Greece has a number of advantages, beginning with the fact that it is a member of the EU.

Published by Globes.

(Pleased to see the pseudoscientists have 'discovered' what "legends" are - well, almost! )

[Gasman]

'consider', 'possibility', 'idea'?

I know what the response to me would be if I posted anything smattered with those words!

[Oracle]

Erm, you might lose your job as a propagandist?

Here's a definite statement for those who prefer such things ...


Israel is considering construction of an underwater gas pipeline to export all natural gas to Europe and Greece. According to sources quoted by the Globes business news service, the idea was raised during a meeting last week between Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu and Greek Prime Minister George Papandreaou. Relations with Greece have grown closer over the past several months. Turkey; a nation that once would have been considered a natural partner in such an endeavor and a rival with Greece, is not being considered for the project.