Nikitas wrote:I am re-reading Packard now. It is a fascinating book in the form of a place by place account on how Packard and his joint patrol, consisting of an ELDYK officer and an officer from the Turkish contingent, went around the island calming down local conflicts.
As for YFred's assertions above re self placed bombs to cause an effect I have to say this- we are all entitled to our opinions, but at some point actual experience must override opinion. In 1958 we lived in central Nicosia, near the Lokmaci checkpoint. We were placed under curfew every day, from 7 pm till 7am.
In the summer of 1958, while under curfew we got attacked by a TC mob which obviously was not under curfew. Any GC caught walking even across the street could be shot by the British, but here were dozens of TCs armed with stick, knives, and a couple with guns coming, unprovoked, to our area. After the first attack we got "security" in the form of two TC auxiliaries armed with single shot shotguns. The attacks continued to the point that the neighborhood asked a "connected" neighbor to ask EOKA for protection. It was in the form of instructions to set up a civil guard armed with whistles and to stockpile rocks on the terraces.
EOKA was never organised to fight in urban riots. TMT was, and it could do so with the full accceptance of the British and it did just that. These are the facts as I experienced them in Nicosia in 1958. TMT was not a defence force at that time but very much an offensive one.
Nikitas,
Maybe there wasn't any direct provocations against TCs in your area but the armed struggle of EOKA for Enosis had already been a provocative movement from 1955 until 1958. It was a well known fact that TCs were against Enosis and would take side by Brits to fight prevent Enosis.
The Turkish resistance to EOKA is mentioned in depth in A History of Cyprus, by Dr. Stavros Pantelli, East-West Publications, UK, 2000. Pantelli points out that soon after the EOKA campaign began, a counter Turkish underground organization was established. It was called Kara Yilan (Black Snake). It was the predecessor of Volkan (The Volcano).
French-speaking Dr Fazil Kutchuk and British trained barrister Rauf Denktash represented Turkish nationalism. Turkish Cypriots joined Dr Kutchuk's Turkish Cypriot Popular Party. The party later became the “Cyprus is Turkish Party” under Hikmet Bil, who arrived in the Island in 1955 from Turkey for this purpose. Kutchuk then became chairman of the “Cyprus is Turkish Party,” which propagated the theory that self-determination for Cyprus would result in the annihilation of all Turks, civil war and ultimately total unrest in the middle east.
As EOKA hit harder at British military personnel and installations, more British jobs were taken away from Greek Cypriots and given to Turks. Separate police units were formed, manned mainly by Turks under British officers, whose task it was to control Greek disturbances and help the army fight EOKA.
On 11 January 1956 Abdullah Ali Riza, a Turkish police sergeant who had given evidence at the trial of EOKA members, was shot dead. This precipitated Turkish Cypriot attacks against Greek stores in Nicosia. The Turkish underground organization Volkan issued leaflets on that occasion threatening reprisals - five Greek lives for every Turk killed.
Kutchuk protested to Governor Harding and in a message to Makarios demanded that the Greek community condemn the murder. At Vassilia village, fighting broke out between Greeks and Turks on 19 March 1956 and about 20 people were hurt. On the following day, 500 Turks smashed the windows of Greek-owned shops and offices in the Turkish quarter of Nicosia. On 23 April fighting again broke out after another Turkish police officer was shot dead. On 25 May, crowds of Turkish Cypriots attacked Greek stores and premises in Nicosia, Limassol, Larnaca and Paphos. Similar disturbances took place in January and February of 1957.
http://www.psywarrior.com/cyprus.html
Nikitas, there please also read the first TC leaflet, published by Volkan... Although it sounds a lot amateurish, it gives many insights regarding then the TC point of view on armed struggle and Enosis.