Zan thanks for pointing me to this site:
http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php? ... 707&lang=e
Turkey expels refugees for second time
14 October 2008
Turkish law enforcement officials have expelled the same group of Uzbekistani refugees into Iranian territory for the second time in one month. At least twenty-four Uzbekistani nationals are believed to have been rounded up by Turkish police in Van in eastern Turkey on Saturday and taken to an unknown location.
Despite the efforts of human rights organisations in Turkey throughout Saturday night and Sunday, it was not possible to secure their release. The United Nation's refugee agency (UNHCR) in Turkey confirmed on Monday that the group had been deported to Iran.
A month ago, on 12 September, 21 of the 24 Uzbekistani refugees were forced into Iranian territory by Turkish law enforcement officials. During this first deportation, members of the group were alleged to have been beaten up and women and girls threatened with rape unless they left Turkey.
The refugees were subsequently held hostage by an unnamed group in Iran that threatened to kill them. They were released after a week following the payment of a ransom of US$5,000, allowing them to return irregularly to Turkey.
Amnesty International has described the actions of the Turkish officials as a "flagrant disregard for international standards protecting the rights of refugees and asylum-seekers."
The organization has called on the Turkish authorities to conduct a prompt and impartial investigation into the circumstances of the illegal deportation of the refugees, including children, from Van to Iran, and expressed deep concern at the lack of information regarding their whereabouts and wellbeing.
"This illegal deportation has gone ahead in violation of international standards, which grant protection to recognised refugees and asylum seekers whilst their claims are determined. The government should make sure this kind of deportation does not happen again," said Nicola Duckworth, Europe and Central Asia Programme Director at Amnesty International said.
"After all that they have been through, these refugees returned to Turkey in the belief that they would be safe. Instead they are again in danger in Iran.
"The Iranian authorities must undertake to ensure their safety in Iran. Furthermore, the authorities must not send them back to Uzbekistan where they are at risk of torture and other ill-treatment."
Good readings... Knowledge is power! Get it!
by insan » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:33 pm
Antonakopoulos, Vortsela and Antonakopoulou v. Greece - [ Bu sayfanın çevirisini yap ]Greece, the European Court of Human Rights held unanimously that there had been a violation of Article , Section (right to a ...
www.springerlink.com/index/KXEJDTN3N1HNKMQB.pdf
www.springerlink.com/index/KXEJDTN3N1HNKMQB.pdf
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by christos1 » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:33 pm
http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-a ... id=1361037
TOO FUNNY AMNESTYUSA
Background Information on Human Rights in Turkey
Map of Turkey
Though Turkey has taken recent steps to bring its laws into line with international standards on human rights, severe problems remain. Nationalist sentiment and violence has increased. Freedom of expression continues to be restricted, and allegations of torture, other ill-treatment, and the use of excessive force by law enforcement officials persist. Prosecutions for violations of human rights are ineffective and insufficient, and fair trial concerns continue. The peaceful expression of opinion continues to be restricted in law and practice, and as a result lawyers, journalists, human rights defenders, and others are harassed, threatened, unjustly prosecuted, and physically attacked. Fair trial concerns also persist, especially for those prosecuted under anti-terrorism laws. In trials, statements that are allegedly extracted under torture are often used as evidence.
TOO FUNNY AMNESTYUSA
Background Information on Human Rights in Turkey
Map of Turkey
Though Turkey has taken recent steps to bring its laws into line with international standards on human rights, severe problems remain. Nationalist sentiment and violence has increased. Freedom of expression continues to be restricted, and allegations of torture, other ill-treatment, and the use of excessive force by law enforcement officials persist. Prosecutions for violations of human rights are ineffective and insufficient, and fair trial concerns continue. The peaceful expression of opinion continues to be restricted in law and practice, and as a result lawyers, journalists, human rights defenders, and others are harassed, threatened, unjustly prosecuted, and physically attacked. Fair trial concerns also persist, especially for those prosecuted under anti-terrorism laws. In trials, statements that are allegedly extracted under torture are often used as evidence.
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by insan » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:34 pm
Human Rights Watch World Report 2002 - [ Bu sayfanın çevirisini yap ]Dosya Biçimi: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - HTML olarak görüntüle
the GRC charged that the government was in violation of its obligations .... Twice in 2001 the European Court of Human Rights found Greece had violated ...
www.migrantsingreece.org/files/RESOURCE_28.pdf
the GRC charged that the government was in violation of its obligations .... Twice in 2001 the European Court of Human Rights found Greece had violated ...
www.migrantsingreece.org/files/RESOURCE_28.pdf
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by christos1 » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:34 pm
http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php? ... CAE&lang=e
What is violence against women?
"We talk to women and we ask them, have you experienced violence? They say no. Then we ask, have you ever been slapped? Yes, of course. Have you ever been beaten? Yes, of course. They tend to understand violence as something that requires you to go to hospital."
Women's activist in Istanbul(7)
Defining violence against women
The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women(8) defines violence against women as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life" (paragraph 1). Recent interpretations of this definition also include "the withholding of economic necessities from the victim".(9)
According to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,gender-based violence against women is violence "directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately".(10)
In its preamble, the Declaration describes violence against women as "a manifestation of historically unequal power relationships between men and women" and as one of the "crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men".
The World Health Organization has defined partner violence as any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm, including:
• Acts of physical aggression, such as slapping, hitting, kicking and beating
• Psychological abuse – such as intimidation, constant belittling and humiliation
• Forced intercourse and other forms of sexual coercion
• Various controlling behaviours – such as isolating a person from their family and friends, monitoring their movements, and restricting their access to information or assistance.(11)
In Turkey, violence against women by family members spans the spectrum from depriving women of economic necessities through verbal and psychological violence, to beatings, sexual violence and killings. Many acts of violence involve traditional practices, including "crimes of honour", forced marriage, including early marriage, berdel (the barter of women to avoid paying dowries and other marriage expenses) and besik kertmesi (a form of arranged marriage in which families barter newborn daughters, forcing them to marry as soon as they are considered old enough). Some women who have apparently committed suicide have in fact been killed or forced to kill themselves by family members. Although men may also be subjected to family violence, the vast majority of victims are women.
Focusing on physical abuse can hide the range of other forms of violence used against women, just as concentrating solely on "crimes of honour" can deflect attention from the routine violence that many women suffer every day. In addition, although many women conform to the expectations of their family and community and are not subjected to physical violence, they remain constantly under threat. The example of other women who have been ostracized, beaten or killed serves as sufficient warning to restrict their behaviour and limit their life choices.
The scale of violence
Statistical information about the extent of violence against women in Turkey is limited and unreliable. As in many other countries, there have been no concerted efforts to learn its extent. In 1994 there was a public outcry at findings by the Office for the Status of Women that more than 40 per cent of men believed it acceptable to "discipline" women and girls with violence. In the 2000 census, questions about violence against women were not included.
Amnesty International believes that governments' first measures towards eradicating violence against women should include a comprehensive recording and statistical monitoring of its prevalence, no matter how intractable the problem seems.
Across the world, an estimated one in three women has been beaten, coerced into sex or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Usually the abuser is a member of her own family or someone known to her. Between 40 and 70 per cent of murdered women are killed by an intimate partner.(12) A series of small scale studies in Turkey suggest that rates of violence against women could be similar or even higher.
· Of women who rang an emergency telephone help line, 57 per cent had experienced physical violence, 46.9 per cent sexual violence, 14.6 per cent incest, and 8.6 per cent rape.(13)
· A 1995 survey among women living in squatter housing (gecekondu) in the capital, Ankara, found that 97 per cent were assaulted by their husbands.(14)
· A survey of middle and upper-income families in 1996 found that 23 per cent of women said their husbands were violent towards them when initially questioned, but that this figure rose to 71 per cent when they were asked questions about specific types of violence.(15)
· Another study estimated that 58 per cent of women suffered family violence, not only at the hands of husbands, fiancés, boyfriends and brothers, but also the husband's family, including his female relatives.(16)
· Of a group of middle and upper class women, 63.5 per cent were found to have experienced some form of sexual assault.(17)
· In one study, out of 40 women who suffered violent deaths, 34 died at home, 20 were found hanged or poisoned, 20 showed clear signs of having been murdered, and 10 had experienced family violence before their deaths.(18)
· A survey at community health centres in the city of Bursa, northwest Turkey, found that 59 per cent of women were victims of violence.(19)
· A survey of 1,259 women, conducted by Mor Çati, the Purple Roof Foundation, between 1990 and 1996, found that 88.2 per cent lived in an environment of violence and that 68 per cent were hit by their husbands.(20)
· According to another study of women in Ankara, 64 per cent experienced violence from their husbands, 12 per cent from husbands they had separated from, eight per cent from partners they were living with, and two per cent from their husband's family. Sixteen per cent said their husbands had raped them.(21)
· A study of 599 women in the southeast found that 51 per cent had experienced marital rape and 57 per cent physical violence.(22)
Speaking out
"He does this in front of everyone in the entire community. I can't stand seeing her, sitting outside her house crying, with blood running out of her mouth. Everyone can see and hear how he hits her and abuses her… He puts out cigarettes on her hands", a neighbour told a women's meeting in Izmit, appealing for support for "Emine". "Emine" did not meet anyone's eye. "He doesn't admire me… I don't know what to do. I tried changing the way I dress, but it doesn't seem to help", she said. "My husband likes women who look after themselves better… Sometimes he tells me I don't do enough housework."
The failure of "Emine"'s community to act, despite such blatant abuses, has effectively made her invisible. She has taken the first step, however. She has spoken out. Now it is up to the authorities to make her voice heard.(23)
Discrimination and violence against women
Discrimination against women and violence are closely interlinked. In fact General Recommendation 19 of the Women's Committee states that gender-based violence is a form of discrimination which gravely affects women's enjoyment of their human rights.(24) Discrimination against women starts at birth. In some areas, families barter their newborn daughters and force young girls into early marriages. In education, fewer girls than boys attend school or go on to higher education. In adult life, women face discriminatory treatment at home, in their communities, and in employment. The physical violence they face in their homes and communities can leave them traumatized, seriously injured or dead.
Although violence against women is universal, many women are targeted because of their ethnic origin, class, culture, sexual identity or HIV status. In Turkey, a culture of violence can place women in double jeopardy, both as victims of violence and because they are denied effective access to justice. Women from vulnerable groups, such as those from low income families or who are fleeing conflict or natural disasters, are particularly at risk.
The UN Development Fund for Women has found that cultural factors associated with higher levels of family and community violence include sexual double standards; rigid gender roles; lack of access to education; women's isolation and lack of support; community attitudes that tolerate physical 'punishment' of women and children; and acceptance of violence as an appropriate means of resolving conflict.(25)
What is violence against women?
"We talk to women and we ask them, have you experienced violence? They say no. Then we ask, have you ever been slapped? Yes, of course. Have you ever been beaten? Yes, of course. They tend to understand violence as something that requires you to go to hospital."
Women's activist in Istanbul(7)
Defining violence against women
The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women(8) defines violence against women as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life" (paragraph 1). Recent interpretations of this definition also include "the withholding of economic necessities from the victim".(9)
According to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,gender-based violence against women is violence "directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately".(10)
In its preamble, the Declaration describes violence against women as "a manifestation of historically unequal power relationships between men and women" and as one of the "crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men".
The World Health Organization has defined partner violence as any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm, including:
• Acts of physical aggression, such as slapping, hitting, kicking and beating
• Psychological abuse – such as intimidation, constant belittling and humiliation
• Forced intercourse and other forms of sexual coercion
• Various controlling behaviours – such as isolating a person from their family and friends, monitoring their movements, and restricting their access to information or assistance.(11)
In Turkey, violence against women by family members spans the spectrum from depriving women of economic necessities through verbal and psychological violence, to beatings, sexual violence and killings. Many acts of violence involve traditional practices, including "crimes of honour", forced marriage, including early marriage, berdel (the barter of women to avoid paying dowries and other marriage expenses) and besik kertmesi (a form of arranged marriage in which families barter newborn daughters, forcing them to marry as soon as they are considered old enough). Some women who have apparently committed suicide have in fact been killed or forced to kill themselves by family members. Although men may also be subjected to family violence, the vast majority of victims are women.
Focusing on physical abuse can hide the range of other forms of violence used against women, just as concentrating solely on "crimes of honour" can deflect attention from the routine violence that many women suffer every day. In addition, although many women conform to the expectations of their family and community and are not subjected to physical violence, they remain constantly under threat. The example of other women who have been ostracized, beaten or killed serves as sufficient warning to restrict their behaviour and limit their life choices.
The scale of violence
Statistical information about the extent of violence against women in Turkey is limited and unreliable. As in many other countries, there have been no concerted efforts to learn its extent. In 1994 there was a public outcry at findings by the Office for the Status of Women that more than 40 per cent of men believed it acceptable to "discipline" women and girls with violence. In the 2000 census, questions about violence against women were not included.
Amnesty International believes that governments' first measures towards eradicating violence against women should include a comprehensive recording and statistical monitoring of its prevalence, no matter how intractable the problem seems.
Across the world, an estimated one in three women has been beaten, coerced into sex or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Usually the abuser is a member of her own family or someone known to her. Between 40 and 70 per cent of murdered women are killed by an intimate partner.(12) A series of small scale studies in Turkey suggest that rates of violence against women could be similar or even higher.
· Of women who rang an emergency telephone help line, 57 per cent had experienced physical violence, 46.9 per cent sexual violence, 14.6 per cent incest, and 8.6 per cent rape.(13)
· A 1995 survey among women living in squatter housing (gecekondu) in the capital, Ankara, found that 97 per cent were assaulted by their husbands.(14)
· A survey of middle and upper-income families in 1996 found that 23 per cent of women said their husbands were violent towards them when initially questioned, but that this figure rose to 71 per cent when they were asked questions about specific types of violence.(15)
· Another study estimated that 58 per cent of women suffered family violence, not only at the hands of husbands, fiancés, boyfriends and brothers, but also the husband's family, including his female relatives.(16)
· Of a group of middle and upper class women, 63.5 per cent were found to have experienced some form of sexual assault.(17)
· In one study, out of 40 women who suffered violent deaths, 34 died at home, 20 were found hanged or poisoned, 20 showed clear signs of having been murdered, and 10 had experienced family violence before their deaths.(18)
· A survey at community health centres in the city of Bursa, northwest Turkey, found that 59 per cent of women were victims of violence.(19)
· A survey of 1,259 women, conducted by Mor Çati, the Purple Roof Foundation, between 1990 and 1996, found that 88.2 per cent lived in an environment of violence and that 68 per cent were hit by their husbands.(20)
· According to another study of women in Ankara, 64 per cent experienced violence from their husbands, 12 per cent from husbands they had separated from, eight per cent from partners they were living with, and two per cent from their husband's family. Sixteen per cent said their husbands had raped them.(21)
· A study of 599 women in the southeast found that 51 per cent had experienced marital rape and 57 per cent physical violence.(22)
Speaking out
"He does this in front of everyone in the entire community. I can't stand seeing her, sitting outside her house crying, with blood running out of her mouth. Everyone can see and hear how he hits her and abuses her… He puts out cigarettes on her hands", a neighbour told a women's meeting in Izmit, appealing for support for "Emine". "Emine" did not meet anyone's eye. "He doesn't admire me… I don't know what to do. I tried changing the way I dress, but it doesn't seem to help", she said. "My husband likes women who look after themselves better… Sometimes he tells me I don't do enough housework."
The failure of "Emine"'s community to act, despite such blatant abuses, has effectively made her invisible. She has taken the first step, however. She has spoken out. Now it is up to the authorities to make her voice heard.(23)
Discrimination and violence against women
Discrimination against women and violence are closely interlinked. In fact General Recommendation 19 of the Women's Committee states that gender-based violence is a form of discrimination which gravely affects women's enjoyment of their human rights.(24) Discrimination against women starts at birth. In some areas, families barter their newborn daughters and force young girls into early marriages. In education, fewer girls than boys attend school or go on to higher education. In adult life, women face discriminatory treatment at home, in their communities, and in employment. The physical violence they face in their homes and communities can leave them traumatized, seriously injured or dead.
Although violence against women is universal, many women are targeted because of their ethnic origin, class, culture, sexual identity or HIV status. In Turkey, a culture of violence can place women in double jeopardy, both as victims of violence and because they are denied effective access to justice. Women from vulnerable groups, such as those from low income families or who are fleeing conflict or natural disasters, are particularly at risk.
The UN Development Fund for Women has found that cultural factors associated with higher levels of family and community violence include sexual double standards; rigid gender roles; lack of access to education; women's isolation and lack of support; community attitudes that tolerate physical 'punishment' of women and children; and acceptance of violence as an appropriate means of resolving conflict.(25)
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by insan » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:35 pm
Assyrian Refugees Face Harsh Discrimination in Greece - [ Bu sayfanın çevirisini yap ]Assyrian refugees and asylum seekers in Greece are living under ... Their expectations for a life free from human rights violations, instability, ...
www.christiansofiraq.com/greece9265.html
www.christiansofiraq.com/greece9265.html
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by christos1 » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:36 pm
"Honor" Killings
Culture of Discrimination: A Fact Sheet on "Honor" Killings
Honor Killings fact sheet (PDF)
Ankara, Turkey -Ignoring the pleas of his 14-year old daughter to spare her life, Mehmet Halitogullari pulled on a wire wrapped around her neck and strangled her - supposedly to restore the family's honor after she was kidnapped and raped... "I decided to kill her because our honor was dirtied," the newspaper Sabah quoted the father as saying. "I didn't listen to her pleas, I wrapped the wire around her neck and pulled at it until she died" (The Associated Press).
http://www.amnestyusa.org/violence-agai ... id=1108230
Culture of Discrimination: A Fact Sheet on "Honor" Killings
Honor Killings fact sheet (PDF)
Ankara, Turkey -Ignoring the pleas of his 14-year old daughter to spare her life, Mehmet Halitogullari pulled on a wire wrapped around her neck and strangled her - supposedly to restore the family's honor after she was kidnapped and raped... "I decided to kill her because our honor was dirtied," the newspaper Sabah quoted the father as saying. "I didn't listen to her pleas, I wrapped the wire around her neck and pulled at it until she died" (The Associated Press).
http://www.amnestyusa.org/violence-agai ... id=1108230
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by insan » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:36 pm
United Macedonian Diaspora - Australia Should Urge Greece to ... - [ Bu sayfanın çevirisini yap ]The United Macedonian Diaspora urges Australia to (1) condemn the violation of human rights by Greece, (2) call upon Greece to prove that it is a full ...
umdiaspora.org/content/view/210/1/
umdiaspora.org/content/view/210/1/
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by insan » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:38 pm
Greece in ‘Schengenland’: blessing or anathema for citizens’ and ... - [ Bu sayfanın çevirisini yap ]a serious negative impact of the SIS on human rights in Greece, considering the country’s long list of violations of freedom of expression, ...
www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg ... awler=true
www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg ... awler=true
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by christos1 » Sun Mar 08, 2009 6:39 pm
The deaths of the applicants' relatives:
The European Court of Human Rights observed that the police officers who were on duty during the Gazi and Ümraniye incidents enjoyed great autonomy of action, and took decisions, while under pressure and in a state of panic, which they would probably not have taken had they had the benefit of proper training and instructions. The Court therefore found that the absence of a clear, centralised command increased the risk of police officers shooting directly at the crowd.
WTF???????????///
http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.ns ... enDocument
Reading some of this makes you scratch your head.
The European Court of Human Rights observed that the police officers who were on duty during the Gazi and Ümraniye incidents enjoyed great autonomy of action, and took decisions, while under pressure and in a state of panic, which they would probably not have taken had they had the benefit of proper training and instructions. The Court therefore found that the absence of a clear, centralised command increased the risk of police officers shooting directly at the crowd.
WTF???????????///
http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.ns ... enDocument
Reading some of this makes you scratch your head.
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