The basics of the tragedy:
On June 17, 1816, France’s new Bourbon government dispatched the frigates Medusa, Loire and Echo and the brig Argus to officially receive the British handover of the port of Saint-Louis in Senegal to France. The British, having restored the French monarchy, wanted to show their support for Louis XVIII, and were willing to give him the trading port.
The Medusa was to carry 365 crew and passengers, including Senegal’s governor-designate, Colonel Julien-Désire Schmaltz, from Port de Rochefort on the island of Aix on France’s west coast, to Senegal via Tenerife.
Captain Hugues Duroy de Chaumereys, 53, had spent most of his career sailing a desk at customs offices. His crew was appalled that a man who had never skippered a ship, let alone a fleet, was able to use his royalist connections to secure such a post.
Schmaltz wanted to reach St Louis as fast as possible, and against the objections of the crew, de Chaumereys plotted a course dangerously close to the shoreline. Within days mishaps seemed to presage disaster: a cabin boy was lost overboard; De Chaumareys quarrelled with his crew and passengers; the faster Medusa left the rest of the fleet behind.
On the morning of July 2, poor seamanship and worse navigation ran the Medusa aground in calm seas and clear weather on what was most likely the Arguin Banks off the coast of Mauritania. The hole in its hull was irreparable.
The next day the weather fouled as realisation set in that the four (some sources say six) lifeboats were wholly inadequate.
A raft measuring roughly 65 by 23 feet was built of masts and crossbeams and seats allotted. The ship was abandoned, 17 holdouts still aboard. The lifeboats were to tow the raft, which was carrying 150 passengers with a naval officer in command.
By the time of a third of the raft occupants had boarded it, however, it was underwater. Food supplies were jettisoned in a bid to float it, and it rose to within a metre of the surface, good enough, they supposed, to set off.
The semi-submerged, heavily laden raft naturally proved a hard pull. It didn’t take long for those on the lifeboats to decide, for reasons later encapsulated as “self-interest, incompetence, misfortune or seeming necessity”, to cut the ropes, four miles offshore.
The raft had no oars, rudder or navigation equipment, and by the second day three of its passengers had already committed suicide. That night the rest dived into their store of rum, then the drunken soldiers took up arms against the officers, killing several. By dawn 60 people remained alive, but by now, though only knee-deep in water rather than waist-deep, they were engulfed in delirium. Starving, some began eating the corpses, others their own faeces.
Over the next week there was more mutiny, murder and cannibalism. The 15 survivors on an increasingly buoyant raft were at one point befuddled by the visit of a white butterfly to their makeshift sail. Some were ecstatic at a possible sign of nearby land, some by the appearance of a morsel of food. Some saw a divine message, some a mockery of their plight.
The pessimists seemed vindicated when more days passed with no sign of land, the optimists when, on the 13th day, they were discovered by the Argus, almost by accident.
The 15 remaining were taken to Saint-Louis, where five died within days. Three of the 17 men who’d stayed on the Medusa were found alive (though quite mad from starvation) by a British ship, which got them back to France after the French Marine Minister failed to act.
The Medusa’s surgeon, Henri Savigny, submitted his account to the authorities, but it was leaked to an anti-Bourbon newspaper, the Journal des débats, and published on September 13, causing a scandal that politicians attempted in vain to dampen by covering up the facts. De Chaumereys was ultimately found culpable and court-martialed in Port de Rochefort.
The following year Savigny and ship’s geographer Alexander Corréard released a joint account that went through five printings in four years and carried the story to England as well.
Tales of the rescue and the horrors that preceded it held France in a dangerous grip. Guilt stalked the streets in search of fresh victims.
http://dalihouse.blogsome.com/2006/06/0 ... in-history
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