A first bunch of declassified Foreign Office documents about Cyprus from early 1977 released this week after the expiry of the 30-year statutory period, reveal President Makarios in earnest search of a solution while the Turkish Cypriot leadership under Rauf Denktash sought to exploit even his death for their partitionist aims.
In May 1977 the British High Commissioner in Nicosia Donald Gordon in a briefing note to the Foreign Office wrote that Makarios "constituted the best hope for a solution."
Returning home from the Commonwealth Conference in London and after stopping in Athens for talks with the Greek Prime Minister Constantinos Karamanalis, Makarios appeared cautiously optimistic that the USA might undertake some initiative together with other countries for the solution of the Cyprus problem.
According to the British documents, Makarios’ two "historical meetings", as they are described, with Rauf Denktash and the tabling of a territorial map by the then interlocutor Tassos Papadopoulos at the Vienna talks, showed that Makarios was determined to negotiate a solution.
Nevertheless, in one of the documents it is claimed that the map was submitted after Clark Clifford, special envoy of the US President Jimmy Carter, exercised pressure on Makarios.
Suspended
The documents have a lot to say about an article by American journalist C.L. Sulzberger, published in the New York Herald Tribune on January 26, in which Archbishop Makarios indirectly acquitted the Americans of any involvement in the coup against him. Moreover, Makarios presented the Americans more or less as his benefactors for warning him about assassination plots against him.
The British diplomats interpreted this article as an attempt by Makarios to pacify Washington at a time when he planned to ask for Carter’s support.
The British High Commissioner and other Western diplomats were rather pessimistic about the attitude of the Turkish side in any attempt at a solution.
When Makarios died on August 3, 1977, Ankara and Denktash unleashed a campaign to equate Makarios’ successor with the leader of the Turkish Cypriot community.
The Turkish Foreign Ministry and Denktash sent messages to London, arguing that there could be no elections for a new president of the Cyprus Republic according to the 1960 Constitution, because various of its provisions had been suspended.
According to a document of the British Prime Minister’s Office dated August 9, 1977, Prime Minister James Callaghan had read a message in which Denktash expressed the wish that "the British Government and the West in general might officially accept the existence of two autonomous administrations in Cyprus."
And the document added: "The Prime Minister said that we cannot do this."
In another document the Foreign Office advises the British High Commission in Nicosia how to deal with the Turkish argument against the election of a new Cyprus president.
"The fact that some provisions have been suspended does not mean that all the provisions must be suspended," the Foreign Office said, and continued: "We fully understand that the Turks and the Turkish Cypriots consider the current situation unjust. But there are many unjust aspects about the current situation in Cyprus, like for instance the fact that the Turkish military forces have occupied on behalf of the Turkish Cypriots, who constitute 20% of the Cyprus population, almost 40% of the island."
Out of 70 files relating to Cyprus in 1977, 11 have been withheld, including the file on Makarios’ death and probably that of the Makarios-Denktash agreement.