by halil » Wed Jun 20, 2007 10:36 am
From the 1974 War
• Rose. "I thought that this was a bad dream and I would wake up, but it wasn't."
• Erkan. "We struggled very much and finally we managed to save our lives and our nationality from Greek Cypriots."
• Ayse. "Now when I hear a weapon shoot, I think the war is beginning again."
• Deniz. "When we lost all our hope the miraculous event occurred and the Turkish Army came to help us."
• Lale. "I was afraid because I had 5 children...how could I tell them that their father died?"
• Zehra. "Although it was a war, I was happy...because I was sure that Turkey would save our lives."
• Hasan. "I was afraid to leave my family, they might be taken prisoner by the Greeks, or killed by the Greeks."
• Pembe. "`They are waiting for an order, and they are going to kill us,' he said."
Rose's Story
Q. Please, can you explain how Greek and Turks began to fight in 1974?
On 15 July 1974, the Greek army wanted to destroy Makarios and they wanted to bind Cyprus to the Greek side, because they believed that Cyprus was Greek. But Makarios learned about this situation. For this reason, he went to Paffos and from there he escaped to the United Nations and from there he escaped to England and he saved his life. The Greek army made Nikos Sampson the Prime Minister. He was a ferocious EOKA member. He killed so many people -- even babies and old people. Because of this, Turkiye used its authority on 20 July 1974, which was allowed by Cyprus legislation. It landed troops on the island of Cyprus.
Then the Greek army made Clerides the Prime Minister. Mr. Denktas and Mr. Clerides had many meetings in order to find a good solution to the Cyprus problem but they never came to an agreement. For this reason, Turkiye started the Second Peace Operation in 14 August 1974 and now Turkiye dominates all the places from east (Famagusta) to west (Guzelyurt). Later, Mr. Denktas and Mr. Clerides made an agreement about the people who were living on the Greek side and the Turkish side. According to this, the Turkish people who lived in the South part went to the North part, and the Greek people who lived in the North part went to the South part.
Greek people say that they have land in the Northern part of Cyprus. Because of this, today they still try to break our borders.
Q. What was your function in this war?
I was a United Nations' Liaison Officer. I would get the messages from the Standard Bearer and I was to convey them to the United Nations. I would get the important information from them and convey it to the Standard Bearer again, but my basic duty was Finance Officer. Where the Standard Bearer was I was there, but I never had an active duty. If I had an active duty I would sacrifice myself for my country.
Q. Do you have any bad memories of this time?
Yes. I had to go away from my village and I went to Gonendere. Gonendere is the village near Serdarli. I walked all night and when I arrived to Gonendere I didn't believe that I had gone away from my village. In the past, I was a teacher in Amelioration School in Lapta. I was always with the Greeks and for this reason, I thought I had a dream like this bad event. So I thought that it was a dream and I would wake up, but it wasn't. In order to understand if I was in a dream or in real life, I picked up a stone and hit my head, and then I understood that it wasn't a dream and I believed that I would never come to my village again.
Q. Did you have any memory that you have feel yourself very bad until today?
Yes. As you know, during Second Peace Operation the area of Serdarli around the school was under military occupation. When we went to Gonendere, two days later, the Standard Bearer wanted us to go to Serdarli to learn the Greek situation and also enemy locations. In this situation, I called the United Nations officer and I said to him we want to move all the foods from Serdarli to Gonendere and to collect our dead. I also said to him to convey my messages to a Greek officer that we want them to give necessary permission for us to come to Serdarli again. We got the permission and we came to Serdarli and we got the foods.
In the meantime, near the telephone central, I had to get my relative. His name was Mehmet Ahmet Kucuk, and he was dead. When I saw him, I did not recognize him and I called to my other friend -- his name was Mustafa Haciarif -- and I asked who he was, because the shape of his body was very different and his face was jet-black. He said to me, he was your cousin Mehmet. He recognized him because my cousin always carried a white knife.
I did not forget this event for a long time and still remember it today. It was the worst event that I have experienced throughout my life. Even today from time to time I wake up screaming, because I had a dream where I was an officer, and later I saw my death.
Q. Did you have any thoughts about war at that time?
Yes. I understood that war is a very bad and terrible thing. It damages families; it makes so many people homeless and orphaned. Furthermore, I thought that Mehmet did not deserve to die and also I thought that God punished the wrong person. He was so brave, he stole from the rich and he gave to the poor. He always wanted to be with poor people. He sacrificed himself for his village. As time passed, I noticed that if you want to achieve happiness you must know that you may lose many good things, but you must understand that many good and happy days will await you.
Q. Is there anything in your experience during this time that you would say was a "lesson for life?"
Yes. If there is any conflict, we can not solve it by fighting with each other. We must do it by making agreements with both sides. The best solution is to talk about the problem and I believe that after time passes, they will find a common point. Life is so short and nobody knows what will happen a minute later. Everybody must get on well with other people, they must not make them disappointed, or worry. They must try to make their life happy.
[When I talked to Rose sometimes I looked at his face and I saw that he was crying and his eyes were wide. When he explained this war he was excited. I think the basic reason of this was that he felt that he was not in his home, but that he was in the war again. I think I am very lucky because I did not live during this war. Before the interview I didn't know all of these terrible events but now I know and I think we are a very lucky younger generation.]
DEMOGRAPHICS
Occupation: Retired Teacher
Age: 67
Sex: Male
Nationality: TRNC
Where now lives (country and city/town/village): Serdarli village, near Nicosia.
Where lived during the events described during the interview: Serdarli village.
Occupation or life's work of main income earner when growing up: Teacher.
Erkan's Story
Q. Think back to an experience you had that is an example of your life in Cyprus during the 1974 war. What is that experience, what happened?
My experience starts just before the war and ends after the war. On the 10th of July I began to take my annual vacation. We were in Limasol and we had a vineyard. Since it was time to harvest the grapes, I went to our vineyard in order to do this process. The date was the 15th of July. By the way, I was a commander in the army. While I was harvesting the grapes, one of my soldiers came to me and he was very excited. I asked the reason for his being there. He told me that there was a military coup by Greek Cypriots. He also added that Makarios was killed (we learned later that he was not killed) and Nikos Sampson had taken the dictatorship.
Q. What were you feeling at this time? Were you in comfort or did you have any fears about your lives or futures?
Of course, we had serious fears about our futures. Because, Greek Cypriots started to kill many Turkish Cypriot people in 1963. Many people were killed and even some of my relatives and soldiers were killed. So, we were afraid. 11 years had passed, but the same situation was continuing. In each day, at least 2 or 3 people were killed by Greek Cypriots. Then, we began to wait for someone that could save our lives.
Q. Let's continue with your story.
When I heard that story from my soldier, I gave up my vacation and returned to the squadron. I gave a command and I put my army on the alert. We called everybody who could use guns to the army. The atmosphere was very tense. And this situation continued until the 20th of July.
Q. Was there any time that you lost your hope that someone would save your lives?
The Turkish Cypriot people were really brave. They weren't afraid of being killed for their nation. But it was not enough. Greek Cypriots were continuing to kill people, because they had power. We didn't lose our hopes totally, but our morale was actually low. Meanwhile, we had heard that Turkey was preparing to make some kind of an operation. So, we were looking forward to Turkish soldiers coming to Cyprus.
Q. So, what happened on the 20th of July?
On that date, the time was 05:30 am. It was the period of changing the soldiers who were standing guard. While soldiers were changing their turns, another soldier came to me and said that Turkish troops were coming to Cyprus in order to help us.
Q. Would you please describe your feelings at that time, when you heard the Turkish troops were coming?
Yes. When I heard this event, I became very happy. I can't find words to describe my feelings. I felt that my luck had returned to me. It was a great feeling. I suddenly began to see me and my nation's future very good. Anyway, after hearing this news, I told it to my army as well. I wish you had seen their happiness. All the soldiers began to shout. They threw their hats into the air. They embraced each other. Everyone was kissing each other. Of course, our morale automatically became very high.
Q. Did this great happiness help you in the 1974 War?
The war was continuing outside of our village. But, as our morale became very high, we went to neighbor villages and tried to help them. We struggled very much and finally we managed to save our lives and our nationality from Greek Cypriots. The only reason was that we were aware that the Turkish army was helping us. I will never forget this experience for the rest of my life, because there was a big change in my experience. At first, the condition was very bad, but then it became unbelievably good.
Thank you for sharing your story.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Occupation: Retired from military-businessman.
Age: 48.
Sex: Male.
Nationality: TRNC.
Where now lives (country and city/town/village): Lefkosa.
Where lived during the events described during the interview: Evdim, a village in Limassol.
Occupation (or life's work) of the main income earner in household when growing up: Father grew grapes.
Education: Graduated from secondary school.
Ayse's Story
Q. What were the thoughts or ideas or conclusions you had during the 1974 war?
For a long time, we were neighbors with a Greek family, but during this war they wanted to kill their Turkish neighbors. When the 1974 war started all Greek soldiers wanted to kill all the Turks on the island. And they wanted to kill their best friends during this war.
Q. Did these thoughts or ideas or conclusions help you in any way?
Yes. I understood that it wasn't secure to live together on the same island. But now we are living separately on the same island and I am afraid because at any time the new war will start again. However, for a long time we didn't feel secure with people, especially greek people.
Q. Were these thoughts or ideas or feelings or conclusions a problem for you in any way?
Yes. I didn't go to a foreign country for a long time and now I don't want to go because I'm afraid, and I don't want see or meet Greek people.
Q. What feelings or emotions did you have at that time?
I was badly affected because I didn't forget all these terrible events. Every time I remember these events I am unhappy.
Q. Did these feelings or emotions help you in any way?
Today, when the two governments (Turkish Republic of Cyprus and Greek Republic of Cyprus) want to make peace, I don't agree because it's impossible.
Q. Were these feelings or emotions a problem for you in any way?
Yes. Now, when I hear a weapon shoot I think that the war is beginning again.
Q. Did you have any questions or confusions at this time?
Yes. I didn't know when the war would be finished. How many days would this war continue? And what was the result?
Q. Did these questions or confusions help you in any way? How did they help you?
Yes. I learned lots of things. During the war, lots of people died and I learned to protected myself. We learned to hide under the ground, we learned to store a lot of food and all these things we learned to be provident.
Q. Were these questions or confusions a problem for you in any way?
Yes. When I hear there is a war anywhere in the world I remember our war. I become unhappy.
Q. Was there anything that happened during this time that was helpful for you?
Yes. One night, 3 or 4 soldiers they came to my home and they said; "Leave your home immediately." All the neighbors got together and about 20 persons went to a little house and stayed there. However there wasn't food because there wasn't a market open.
Q. How did this help you?
These soldiers took us to the safe places and I always trust all Turkish soldiers.
Q. Was there anything that happened during this time that hurt you or got in your way or was a problem for you somehow?
Yes. My neighbor was shot near me by the Greek soldiers and died, and another neighbor was wounded. My best friend's fiance was a soldier and we heard that a bomb exploded in his area. And my best friend became depressed, and then he learned that he was O.K.
Q. How did this hurt you or was a problem for you?
I didn't get news from my fiance because he was a soldier and I was anxious, but some time later I got some news and I learned that he was all right.
Q. Is there anything in your experience during this time that you would say was a "lesson for life?"
Yes. We learned first aid, we learned to protect ourselves, to make food for the soldiers and most importantly we learned to share all pains and joys. Q. Is there anything you else you would like to say about your experience during this time?
Yes. War isn't a beautiful thing. The best think is not to fight each other. The most important thing is peace.
Q. Is there anything you would like to say about the questions I have asked or the style of the interview itself?
When you ask these questions all my memories are refreshed.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Occupation: Retired
Age: 42
Sex: Female
Nationality: TRNC
Where now lives (country and city/town/village): Gonyeli, Nicosia
Where lived during the events described during the interview: Nicosia.
Occupation (or life's work) of the main income earner in household when growing up: Father's occupation was shoe-maker.
Deniz's Story
Until 1974 we lived through very bad days. We submitted to all the injustices and torture of the Greeks. We lived in very bad conditions. We couldn't eat, we couldn't sleep, we couldn't talk, we couldn't live like normal and free people. This continued for a long time. We started to lose our hope. We started to think that nobody could help us with our fight for freedom. Because we applied many times to qualified organizations but we never got any answer from them. Meanwhile we started to heard news about the "Peace Operation" and in 20th July 1974 Turkish soldiers started their operation and started to fight with Greeks to save us and to save our country. This was an experience which I had that was an example of my life.
Q. Did you have any thoughts or ideas or conclusions at that time?
During the war, we saw many bad days and we lived through many bad events. These affected me very much. I don`t have any physical sore or effect but these events affected my psychology very badly. I can say that war is something very bad.
Q. Were these thoughts or ideas or feelings or conclusions a problem for you in any way?
Yes, to live these days and these events caused a problem in my mind. To see those days made me a very sad and suspicious person. And in the future, my suspicious character affected my friendship relations. I can`t trust people easily for a long time.
Q. What were your feelings or emotions at that time?
At that time I felt very bad because I didn`t know the conclusion of the operation but I trusted to my God and to the Turkish and (Turkish) Cypriot Army.
Q. Did these feelings or emotions help you in any way?
These feelings helped me to learn the power of God and also the power of the Turkish people.
Q. Were these feelings or emotions a problem for you in any way?
They never caused a very big problem for me; the only problem is I lost my hope.
Q. Did you have any questions or confusions at this time?
During the [peace] operation time only one question confused me. This was "what will be the conclusion of the operation?"
Q. Did these questions or confusions help you in any way?
Because of that confusion I prayed to my God all the time and wanted help from him.
Q. Was there anything that happened during this time that was helpful for you?
During this time we lived by the help of Turkey. This was the most helpful event for us. Because if they didn't help us we couldn't live.
Q. How did this help you?
This event helped us to live. And if we would continue to live we must defend our country and save it from our enemies. We took courage and started to feel we are more powerful than Greeks. With these ideas and feelings we won the war.
Q. Was there anything that happened during this time that hurt you or got in your way or was a problem for you somehow?
During this time I lost some of my relatives and this made me very sad and also this increased my grudge and disgust of Greeks.
Q. Was there anything during this time that MIGHT HAVE helped you or COULD HAVE helped you?
There must be a miraculous event to save us. When we lost all our hope the miraculous event occurred and the Turkish Army came to help us. This helped us to become hopeful people. With this hope, we again started to fight. And the result of this was that we saved our country.
Q. Is there anything in your experience during this time that you would say was a "lesson for life?"
Everything relating to that time was all a "lesson for life" for me.
Q. Is there anything you else you would like to say about your experience during this time? These questions make me live those days again and also this makes me become sad.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Occupation (or life's work): Housewife.
Age: 62.
Sex: Female.
Nationality: Turkish Cypriot.
Where now lives (country and city/town/village): Girne.
Where lived during the events described during the interview: The village of Ozankoy (near Kyrenia).
What was the occupation (or life's work) of the main income earner in the household when growing up: Farmer.
Lale's Story
Q. Please can you explain, what happened in 1974 in your village?
When the Greek army attacked the Turkish village, all other villages took shelter in our village. After that the Turkish commander who was called Mehmet Osman said that "You must leave your village, because the Greeks are coming to your village." So we left our village, and we went to Gonendere. Gonendere is the village which is near Serdarli. In order to get to Gonendere we walked all night and sometimes we stayed in valleys and shelters. When we arrived at this village, we felt very sad, because we thought that "We would never return to our village again."
We stayed 13 days in these shelters. After these days we went back to our village, but Greek soldiers had begun to stay in our houses, and they always said to us "tomorrow morning we will cut your head." For this reason, we were on duty without sleep until the morning.
Q. Did you have any bad memories?
Yes of course. When we went to Gonendere two days later, I learned that my husband, Mehmet Ahmet Kucuk, had died while serving the Turkish State. He was a brave, strong and healthy man. He was not afraid of anything, so when we left our village he stayed alone in his village and so he died. When I learned this I felt very bad, and I was afraid of loneliness and I also could not live without him, because of this I begged my God "You must kill me" because I could not live without him.
Q. What were your thoughts at that time?
I thought so many things. For example, I was alone and I didn't know what I was going to do. I was afraid because I have 5 children and I really don't know how I would feed them, how I would raise them, and the most important thing is how could I tell them that their father died. I really felt very sad and I didn't want to believe that he was dead. And in this war I lost not only my husband but also I lost my cousin and my son-in-law.
Q. Did this thought help you in any way?
Yes. I understood that to forget the bad memories and bad days to me is the best therapy. And I learned that if you want to arrive at the good and happy days you would not be afraid of the loneliness and you would be strong and also you will fight with bad people.
Q. What do you think of when I say the word "war"?
War is a very bad thing. It causes damage to families, it makes so many people homeless and orphaned. I hope it does not happen again. Everybody must live in peace and nobody should make the others worry or be disappointed -- instead of this everybody must love each other.
Q. What was the function of Turkey in that war?
Turkey is our hero. If Turkey had not been there we would not be here now. There would not be the TRNC. The friends of Turks are again Turks, other countries are a friend in good days.
Q. Did you learn something during this war?
Yes. I believed that Turks and Greeks can never be friends. They can live in the same territories but this must be under the control of the military. Greeks are very bad people, they have bad characters, because they killed our husbands, cousins, and children and also they attacked our women. So we can not forget these events so they can never be a friend. I believe that if there is any conflict we can not solve it by fighting with each other. We must do it by making agreements with both side. The best solution is to talk about the problem and I think that when time passes, they will find a common point.
[When I spoke with Lale, she was always crying and she said that God was protecting us.]
DEMOGRAPHICS:
Occupation: Housewife
Age: 68
Sex: Female
She now lives in Serdarli near Nicosia and during the war she lived in the same village.
What was the occupation (or life's work) of the main income earner in the household when growing up: Farmer.
Hasan's Story
Q. What were your thoughts or ideas or conclusions during your experience during the war?
I didn't know what would happen in the future. Because the war continued and my life was in danger. So, I didn't think other countries would help us. I wanted the war finished, because I was studying at the liece (secondary school) and I didn't know if I would finish the liece. However, I didn't think of any plans for the future. The most important thing was, we didn't know if we would live tomorrow. Q.
Were these thoughts or ideas or feelings or conclusions a problem for you in any way?
Yes. Now I am always afraid. Because I didn't forget this war. I always feel unhappy when I think about this war. Q.
What were your feelings or emotions at that time?
Yes. I was afraid to leave my family, they might be taken prisoner by the Greeks, or killed by the Greeks. Greeks wanted to kill all Turkish people on the island. Q.
Were these feelings or emotions a problem for you in any way?
Yes. Now I hope one day I will not killed by the Greeks. Q.
Did you have any questions or confusions at this time?
Yes. I didn't know what will happen in the future? When will I see my parents? Will everything be the same as before the war? What will happen with the arms of the Greeks? Would the Greek people connect the island to Greece? And what was the situation the island would be in in the future? Q.
Did these questions or confusions help you in any way?
I learned to be patient with the events, I learned to overcome difficult events and learned to struggle through events. In addition, I learned to struggle any of the way. Q.
Was there anything that happened during this time that hurt you or got in your way or was a problem for you somehow?
Yes. For example, I learned my neighbour was killed when we escaped from our home and district. Another example, some people said that my brother was killed by the Greek soldiers and my life became terrible and difficult for a long time. Q.
How did this hurt you or was a problem for you?
These events affected me because he was killed by the Greek soldiers. Q.
Was there anything during this time that might have helped you or could have helped you?
Yes. Because my brother died, I would be powerful and finished the Liece. I learned to help unhappy people. Q.
How would this have helped you?
I helped helpless people and I learned to work to better overcome the difficulty. However these events help me to understand that even, difficult things one day are finished. Q.
Is there anything in your experience during this time that you would say was a "lesson for life?"
Yes there is. Because my Greek neighbours wanted to kill me and my family. For this reason, I learned not to trust Greek people. I thought one day difficult days will be finished and lovely days will come. In the end, I learned to work hard and to be successful and happy in my life. Q.
Is there anything you else you would like to say about your experience during this time?
Yes there is. With all these events at this time I learned to overcome all difficulties. Q.
Is there anything you would like to say about the questions I have asked or the style of the interview itself?
Yes there is. I remember this time and I didn't want to go back to this time period. Because war is a bad event, and I hope there will never be war again in my country and in the world.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Occupation (or life's work): Agricultural Engineering.
Age: 51.
Sex: Male.
Nationality: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Where now lives (country and city/town/village): Gonyeli, Nicosia.
Where lived during the events described during the interview: Nicosia.
What was the occupation (or life's work) of the main income earner in the household when growing up: His father's occupation was a farmer.
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Pembe's Story
Q. Think back to an experience you had that is an example of your life in Cyprus during the 1974 war. What is that experience you had -- what happened?
In the first days of the 1974 war we lived in a house between Turkish and Greek sides in Limassol. My husband was the commander of his village and he was waiting at his village. When the war started Turkish Mujaheeds [freedom fighters] took up positions in our house. I began to live with my family in another house in Limasol near the Turkish hospital, on Turkish side. But in the first day one mortar bomb hit the roof of the house and we escaped from windows, because we couldn`t find a door in the smoke and dust. One Mujahit took us to the Turkish hospital and he turned back to take his family. I knew these people because they were our neighbors. When he was walking across the street a mortar bomb hit his head and he was dead. In the Turkish hospital Greeks captured us after a two hour fight with the Mujahits. Some of them talked to us in Turkish because they were the Greeks who had escaped from Turkey. They cursed at us in Turkish.
Q. What were your feelings or emotions at that time?
We felt bad, but not because of our position. During those days we couldn`t get information about our husbands and brothers, we only cried for them. We thought that Greeks would kill us. But they couldn`t do it. Turkey sent a message to Greeks that if they killed us, jets would bomb them. And they gave us freedom to go to our houses because we were also prisoners at our house.
In one morning Greek soldiers with a Land Rover parked near our house and they started waiting. My father knew some Greek and he translated to us what they said when he watched them through window. "They were waiting for an order and they are going to kill us" he said. After this event, our Greek neighbor blocked off the street with barrels and he said to the soldiers that if they did anything to us he would kill them.
After three days my husband and his brother came back to our house. My husband took me to his village Mutluyaka. We lived 15 days in his village of Mutluyaka. Then we heard that others took shelter in the British base. And we went there too. During the 1974 war we lived there 6 months. After the agreement, Turkish planes took us from the base to Adana in Turkey. We were transferred to Iskenderun by bus. After 17 days we returned to the North side of the island on a ship. We were given a house in the same village with my husband's family, and we are here now.
Q. Is there anything in your experience during this time that you would say was a "lesson for life?"
Yes, we were living with Greeks for a long time, but they wanted to kill us because of the land. After those days it is impossible to live with them again.
Q. Is there anything you else you would like to say about your experience during this time?
I remember the past again.
DEMOGRAPHICS:
Occupation (or life's work): Tailor.
Age: 45.
Sex: Female.
Nationality: Turkish Cypriot.
Where now lives (country and city/town/village): Mutluyaka village, near Magosa.
Where lived during the events described during the interview: Limassol.